Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Apply knowledge of language to understand how language functions in different contexts, to make effective choices for me...

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases by using context clues, analyzing mea...

Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.

Read closely to determine what the text says explicitly and to make logical inferences from it; cite specific textual ev...

Read and comprehend complex literary and informational texts independently and proficiently.

Determine central ideas or themes of a text and analyze their development; summarize the key supporting details and idea...

Analyze how and why individuals, events, and ideas develop and interact over the course of a text.

Interpret words and phrases as they are used in a text, including determining technical, connotative, and figurative mea...

Analyze the structure of texts, including how specific sentences, paragraphs, and larger portions of the text (e.g., a s...

Assess how point of view or purpose shapes the content and style of a text.

Integrate and evaluate content presented in diverse media and formats, including visually and quantitatively, as well as...

Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, including the validity of the reasoning as well as th...

Analyze how two or more texts address similar themes or topics in order to build knowledge or to compare the approaches ...

Prepare for and participate effectively in a range of conversations and collaborations with diverse partners, building o...

Integrate and evaluate information presented in diverse media and formats, including visually, quantitatively, and orall...

Evaluate a speaker's point of view, reasoning, and use of evidence and rhetoric.

Present information, findings, and supporting evidence such that listeners can follow the line of reasoning and the orga...

Make strategic use of digital media and visual displays of data to express information and enhance understanding of pres...

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and communicative tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or...

Write arguments to support claims in an analysis of substantive topics or texts, using valid reasoning and relevant and ...

Write routinely over extended time frames (time for research, reflection, and revision) and shorter time frames (a singl...

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas and information clearly and accurately through t...

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, well-chosen details, and w...

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, a...

Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach.

Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing and to interact and collaborate with others.

Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects based on focused questions, demonstrating understanding of the...

Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources, assess the credibility and accuracy of each source,...

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Print many upper- and lowercase letters.

Use frequently occurring nouns and verbs.

Form regular plural nouns orally by adding /s/ or /es/ (e.g., dog, dogs; wish, wishes).

Understand and use question words (interrogatives) (e.g., who, what, where, when, why, how).

Use the most frequently occurring prepositions (e.g., to, from, in, out, on, off, for, of, by, with).

Produce and expand complete sentences in shared language activities.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Capitalize the first word in a sentence and the pronoun I.

Recognize and name end punctuation.

Write a letter or letters for most consonant and short-vowel sounds (phonemes).

Spell simple words phonetically, drawing on knowledge of sound-letter relationships.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on kindergarten reading and con...

Identify new meanings for familiar words and apply them accurately (e.g., knowing duck is a bird and learning the verb t...

Use the most frequently occurring inflections and affixes (e.g., -ed, -s, re-, un-, pre-, -ful, -less) as a clue to the ...

With guidance and support from adults, explore word relationships and nuances in word meanings.

Sort common objects into categories (e.g., shapes, foods) to gain a sense of the concepts the categories represent.

Demonstrate understanding of frequently occurring verbs and adjectives by relating them to their opposites (antonyms).

Identify real-life connections between words and their use (e.g., note places at school that are colorful).

Distinguish shades of meaning among verbs describing the same general action (e.g., walk, march, strut, prance) by actin...

Use words and phrases acquired through conversations, reading and being read to, and responding to texts.

Demonstrate understanding of the organization and basic features of print.

Follow words from left to right, top to bottom, and page by page.

Recognize that spoken words are represented in written language by specific sequences of letters.

Understand that words are separated by spaces in print.

Recognize and name all upper- and lowercase letters of the alphabet.

Demonstrate understanding of spoken words, syllables, and sounds (phonemes).

Recognize and produce rhyming words.

Count, pronounce, blend, and segment syllables in spoken words.

Blend and segment onsets and rimes of single-syllable spoken words.

Add or substitute individual sounds (phonemes) in simple, one-syllable words to make new words.

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words.

Demonstrate basic knowledge of one-to-one letter-sound correspondences by producing the primary or many of the most freq...

Associate the long and short sounds with common spellings (graphemes) for the five major vowels.

Read common high-frequency words by sight (e.g., the, of, to, you, she, my, is, are, do, does).

Distinguish between similarly spelled words by identifying the sounds of the letters that differ.

Read emergent-reader texts with purpose and understanding.

With prompting and support, ask and answer questions about key details in a text.

Actively engage in group reading activities with purpose and understanding.

With prompting and support, identify the main topic and retell key details of a text.

With prompting and support, describe the connection between two individuals, events, ideas, or pieces of information in ...

With prompting and support, ask and answer questions about unknown words in a text.

Identify the front cover, back cover, and title page of a book.

Name the author and illustrator of a text and define the role of each in presenting the ideas or information in a text.

With prompting and support, describe the relationship between illustrations and the text in which they appear (e.g., wha...

With prompting and support, identify the reasons an author gives to support points in a text.

With prompting and support, identify basic similarities in and differences between two texts on the same topic (e.g., in...

With prompting and support, ask and answer questions about key details in a text.

Actively engage in group reading activities with purpose and understanding.

With prompting and support, retell familiar stories, including key details.

With prompting and support, identify characters, settings, and major events in a story.

Ask and answer questions about unknown words in a text.

Recognize common types of texts (e.g., storybooks, poems).

With prompting and support, name the author and illustrator of a story and define the role of each in telling the story.

With prompting and support, describe the relationship between illustrations and the story in which they appear (e.g., wh...

With prompting and support, compare and contrast the adventures and experiences of characters in familiar stories.

Participate in collaborative conversations with diverse partners about kindergarten topics and texts with peers and adul...

Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions (e.g., listening to others and taking turns speaking about the topics and texts...

Continue a conversation through multiple exchanges.

Confirm understanding of a text read aloud or information presented orally or through other media by asking and answerin...

Ask and answer questions in order to seek help, get information, or clarify something that is not understood.

Describe familiar people, places, things, and events and, with prompting and support, provide additional detail.

Add drawings or other visual displays to descriptions as desired to provide additional detail.

Speak audibly and express thoughts, feelings, and ideas clearly.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Print all upper- and lowercase letters.

Use common, proper, and possessive nouns.

Use singular and plural nouns with matching verbs in basic sentences (e.g., He hops; We hop).

Use personal, possessive, and indefinite pronouns (e.g., I, me, my; they, them, their; anyone, everything).

Use verbs to convey a sense of past, present, and future (e.g., Yesterday I walked home; Today I walk home; Tomorrow I w...

Use frequently occurring adjectives.

Use frequently occurring conjunctions (e.g., and, but, or, so, because).

Use determiners (e.g., articles, demonstratives).

Use frequently occurring prepositions (e.g., during, beyond, toward).

Produce and expand complete simple and compound declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentences in res...

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Capitalize dates and names of people.

Use end punctuation for sentences.

Use commas in dates and to separate single words in a series.

Use conventional spelling for words with common spelling patterns and for frequently occurring irregular words.

Spell untaught words phonetically, drawing on phonemic awareness and spelling conventions.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade 1 reading and content,...

Use sentence-level context as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Use frequently occurring affixes as a clue to the meaning of a word.

Identify frequently occurring root words (e.g., look) and their inflectional forms (e.g., looks, looked, looking).

With guidance and support from adults, demonstrate understanding of word relationships and nuances in word meanings.

Sort words into categories (e.g., colors, clothing) to gain a sense of the concepts the categories represent.

Define words by category and by one or more key attributes (e.g., a duck is a bird that swims; a tiger is a large cat wi...

Identify real-life connections between words and their use (e.g., note places at home that are cozy).

Distinguish shades of meaning among verbs differing in manner (e.g., look, peek, glance, stare, glare, scowl) and adject...

Use words and phrases acquired through conversations, reading and being read to, and responding to texts, including usin...

Demonstrate understanding of the organization and basic features of print.

Recognize the distinguishing features of a sentence (e.g., first word, capitalization, ending punctuation).

Demonstrate understanding of spoken words, syllables, and sounds (phonemes).

Distinguish long from short vowel sounds in spoken single-syllable words.

Orally produce single-syllable words by blending sounds (phonemes), including consonant blends.

Isolate and pronounce initial, medial vowel, and final sounds (phonemes) in spoken single-syllable words.

Segment spoken single-syllable words into their complete sequence of individual sounds (phonemes).

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words.

Know the spelling-sound correspondences for common consonant digraphs.

Decode regularly spelled one-syllable words.

Know final -e and common vowel team conventions for representing long vowel sounds.

Use knowledge that every syllable must have a vowel sound to determine the number of syllables in a printed word.

Decode two-syllable words following basic patterns by breaking the words into syllables.

Read words with inflectional endings.

Recognize and read grade-appropriate irregularly spelled words.

Read with sufficient accuracy and fluency to support comprehension.

Read on-level text orally with accuracy, appropriate rate, and expression on successive readings.

Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding, rereading as necessary.

Ask and answer questions about key details in a text.

With prompting and support, read informational texts appropriately complex for grade 1.

Identify the main topic and retell key details of a text.

Describe the connection between two individuals, events, ideas, or pieces of information in a text.

Ask and answer questions to help determine or clarify the meaning of words and phrases in a text.

Know and use various text features (e.g., headings, tables of contents, glossaries, electronic menus, icons) to locate k...

Distinguish between information provided by pictures or other illustrations and information provided by the words in a t...

Use the illustrations and details in a text to describe its key ideas.

Identify the reasons an author gives to support points in a text.

Identify basic similarities in and differences between two texts on the same topic (e.g., in illustrations, descriptions...

Ask and answer questions about key details in a text.

With prompting and support, read prose and poetry of appropriate complexity for grade 1.

Retell stories, including key details, and demonstrate understanding of their central message or lesson.

Describe characters, settings, and major events in a story, using key details.

Identify words and phrases in stories or poems that suggest feelings or appeal to the senses.

Explain major differences between books that tell stories and books that give information, drawing on a wide reading of ...

Identify who is telling the story at various points in a text.

Use illustrations and details in a story to describe its characters, setting, or events.

Compare and contrast the adventures and experiences of characters in stories.

Participate in collaborative conversations with diverse partners about grade 1 topics and texts with peers and adults in...

Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions (e.g., listening to others with care, speaking one at a time about the topics a...

Build on others' talk in conversations by responding to the comments of others through multiple exchanges.

Ask questions to clear up any confusion about the topics and texts under discussion.

Ask and answer questions about key details in a text read aloud or information presented orally or through other media.

Ask and answer questions about what a speaker says in order to gather additional information or clarify something that i...

Describe people, places, things, and events with relevant details, expressing ideas and feelings clearly.

Add drawings or other visual displays to descriptions when appropriate to clarify ideas, thoughts, and feelings.

Produce complete sentences when appropriate to task and situation.

Write opinion pieces in which they introduce the topic or name the book they are writing about, state an opinion, supply...

Write informative/explanatory texts in which they name a topic, supply some facts about the topic, and provide some sens...

Write narratives in which they recount two or more appropriately sequenced events, include some details regarding what h...

With guidance and support from adults, focus on a topic, respond to questions and suggestions from peers, and add detail...

With guidance and support from adults, use a variety of digital tools to produce and publish writing, including in colla...

Participate in shared research and writing projects (e.g., explore a number of "how-to" books on a given topic and use t...

With guidance and support from adults, recall information from experiences or gather information from provided sources t...

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Use collective nouns (e.g., group).

Form and use frequently occurring irregular plural nouns (e.g., feet, children, teeth, mice, fish).

Use reflexive pronouns (e.g., myself, ourselves).

Form and use the past tense of frequently occurring irregular verbs (e.g., sat, hid, told).

Use adjectives and adverbs, and choose between them depending on what is to be modified.

Produce, expand, and rearrange complete simple and compound sentences (e.g., The boy watched the movie; The little boy w...

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Capitalize holidays, product names, and geographic names.

Use commas in greetings and closings of letters.

Use an apostrophe to form contractions and frequently occurring possessives.

Generalize learned spelling patterns when writing words (e.g., cage → badge; boy → boil).

Consult reference materials, including beginning dictionaries, as needed to check and correct spellings.

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.

Compare formal and informal uses of English.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade 2 reading and content,...

Use sentence-level context as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Determine the meaning of the new word formed when a known prefix is added to a known word (e.g., happy/unhappy, tell/ret...

Use a known root word as a clue to the meaning of an unknown word with the same root (e.g., addition, additional).

Use knowledge of the meaning of individual words to predict the meaning of compound words (e.g., birdhouse, lighthouse, ...

Use glossaries and beginning dictionaries, both print and digital, to determine or clarify the meaning of words and phra...

Demonstrate understanding of word relationships and nuances in word meanings.

Identify real-life connections between words and their use (e.g., describe foods that are spicy or juicy).

Distinguish shades of meaning among closely related verbs (e.g., toss, throw, hurl) and closely related adjectives (e.g....

Use words and phrases acquired through conversations, reading and being read to, and responding to texts, including usin...

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words.

Distinguish long and short vowels when reading regularly spelled one-syllable words.

Know spelling-sound correspondences for additional common vowel teams.

Decode regularly spelled two-syllable words with long vowels.

Decode words with common prefixes and suffixes.

Identify words with inconsistent but common spelling-sound correspondences.

Recognize and read grade-appropriate irregularly spelled words.

Read with sufficient accuracy and fluency to support comprehension.

Read on-level text orally with accuracy, appropriate rate, and expression on successive readings.

Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding, rereading as necessary.

Ask and answer such questions as who, what, where, when, why, and how to demonstrate understanding of key details in a t...

By the end of year, read and comprehend informational texts, including history/social studies, science, and technical te...

Identify the main topic of a multiparagraph text as well as the focus of specific paragraphs within the text.

Describe the connection between a series of historical events, scientific ideas or concepts, or steps in technical proce...

Determine the meaning of words and phrases in a text relevant to a grade 2 topic or subject area.

Know and use various text features (e.g., captions, bold print, subheadings, glossaries, indexes, electronic menus, icon...

Identify the main purpose of a text, including what the author wants to answer, explain, or describe.

Explain how specific images (e.g., a diagram showing how a machine works) contribute to and clarify a text.

Describe how reasons support specific points the author makes in a text.

Compare and contrast the most important points presented by two texts on the same topic.

Ask and answer such questions as who, what, where, when, why, and how to demonstrate understanding of key details in a t...

By the end of the year, read and comprehend literature, including stories and poetry, in the grades 2—3 text complexity ...

Recount stories, including fables and folktales from diverse cultures, and determine their central message, lesson, or m...

Describe how characters in a story respond to major events and challenges.

Describe how words and phrases (e.g., regular beats, alliteration, rhymes, repeated lines) supply rhythm and meaning in ...

Describe the overall structure of a story, including describing how the beginning introduces the story and the ending co...

Acknowledge differences in the points of view of characters, including by speaking in a different voice for each charact...

Use information gained from the illustrations and words in a print or digital text to demonstrate understanding of its c...

Compare and contrast two or more versions of the same story (e.g., Cinderella stories) by different authors or from diff...

Participate in collaborative conversations with diverse partners about grade 2 topics and texts with peers and adults in...

Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions (e.g., gaining the floor in respectful ways, listening to others with care, spe...

Build on others' talk in conversations by linking their comments to the remarks of others.

Ask for clarification and further explanation as needed about the topics and texts under discussion.

Recount or describe key ideas or details from a text read aloud or information presented orally or through other media.

Ask and answer questions about what a speaker says in order to clarify comprehension, gather additional information, or ...

Tell a story or recount an experience with appropriate facts and relevant, descriptive details, speaking audibly in cohe...

Create audio recordings of stories or poems; add drawings or other visual displays to stories or recounts of experiences...

Produce complete sentences when appropriate to task and situation in order to provide requested detail or clarification.

Write opinion pieces in which they introduce the topic or book they are writing about, state an opinion, supply reasons ...

Write informative/explanatory texts in which they introduce a topic, use facts and definitions to develop points, and pr...

Write narratives in which they recount a well-elaborated event or short sequence of events, include details to describe ...

With guidance and support from adults and peers, focus on a topic and strengthen writing as needed by revising and editi...

With guidance and support from adults, use a variety of digital tools to produce and publish writing, including in colla...

Participate in shared research and writing projects (e.g., read a number of books on a single topic to produce a report;...

Recall information from experiences or gather information from provided sources to answer a question.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Explain the function of nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in general and their functions in particular sen...

Form and use regular and irregular plural nouns.

Use abstract nouns (e.g., childhood).

Form and use regular and irregular verbs.

Form and use the simple (e.g., I walked; I walk; I will walk) verb tenses.

Ensure subject-verb and pronoun-antecedent agreement.

Form and use comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs, and choose between them depending on what is to be modi...

Use coordinating and subordinating conjunctions.

Produce simple, compound, and complex sentences.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Capitalize appropriate words in titles.

Use commas in addresses.

Use commas and quotation marks in dialogue.

Form and use possessives.

Use conventional spelling for high-frequency and other studied words and for adding suffixes to base words (e.g., sittin...

Use spelling patterns and generalizations (e.g., word families, position-based spellings, syllable patterns, ending rule...

Consult reference materials, including beginning dictionaries, as needed to check and correct spellings.

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.

Choose words and phrases for effect.

Recognize and observe differences between the conventions of spoken and written standard English.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning word and phrases based on grade 3 reading and content, ...

Use sentence-level context as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Determine the meaning of the new word formed when a known affix is added to a known word (e.g., agreeable/disagreeable, ...

Use a known root word as a clue to the meaning of an unknown word with the same root (e.g., company, companion).

Use glossaries or beginning dictionaries, both print and digital, to determine or clarify the precise meaning of key wor...

Distinguish the literal and nonliteral meanings of words and phrases in context (e.g., take steps).

Identify real-life connections between words and their use (e.g., describe people who are friendly or helpful).

Distinguish shades of meaning among related words that describe states of mind or degrees of certainty (e.g., knew, beli...

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate conversational, general academic, and domain-specific words and phrases, in...

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words.

Identify and know the meaning of the most common prefixes and derivational suffixes.

Decode words with common Latin suffixes.

Decode multisyllable words.

Read grade-appropriate irregularly spelled words.

Read with sufficient accuracy and fluency to support comprehension.

Read on-level prose and poetry orally with accuracy, appropriate rate, and expression on successive readings

Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding, rereading as necessary.

Ask and answer questions to demonstrate understanding of a text, referring explicitly to the text as the basis for the a...

By the end of the year, read and comprehend informational texts, including history/social studies, science, and technica...

Determine the main idea of a text; recount the key details and explain how they support the main idea.

Describe the relationship between a series of historical events, scientific ideas or concepts, or steps in technical pro...

Determine the meaning of general academic and domain-specific words and phrases in a text relevant to a grade 3 topic or...

Use text features and search tools (e.g., key words, sidebars, hyperlinks) to locate information relevant to a given top...

Distinguish their own point of view from that of the author of a text.

Use information gained from illustrations (e.g., maps, photographs) and the words in a text to demonstrate understanding...

Describe the logical connection between particular sentences and paragraphs in a text (e.g., comparison, cause/effect, f...

Compare and contrast the most important points and key details presented in two texts on the same topic.

Ask and answer questions to demonstrate understanding of a text, referring explicitly to the text as the basis for the a...

By the end of the year, read and comprehend literature, including stories, dramas, and poetry, at the high end of the gr...

Recount stories, including fables, folktales, and myths from diverse cultures; determine the central message, lesson, or...

Describe characters in a story (e.g., their traits, motivations, or feelings) and explain how their actions contribute t...

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, distinguishing literal from nonliteral language.

Refer to parts of stories, dramas, and poems when writing or speaking about a text, using terms such as chapter, scene, ...

Distinguish their own point of view from that of the narrator or those of the characters.

Explain how specific aspects of a text's illustrations contribute to what is conveyed by the words in a story (e.g., cre...

Compare and contrast the themes, settings, and plots of stories written by the same author about the same or similar cha...

Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse partner...

Come to discussions prepared, having read or studied required material; explicitly draw on that preparation and other in...

Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions (e.g., gaining the floor in respectful ways, listening to others with care, spe...

Ask questions to check understanding of information presented, stay on topic, and link their comments to the remarks of ...

Explain their own ideas and understanding in light of the discussion.

Determine the main ideas and supporting details of a text read aloud or information presented in diverse media and forma...

Ask and answer questions about information from a speaker, offering appropriate elaboration and detail.

Report on a topic or text, tell a story, or recount an experience with appropriate facts and relevant, descriptive detai...

Create engaging audio recordings of stories or poems that demonstrate fluid reading at an understandable pace; add visua...

Speak in complete sentences when appropriate to task and situation in order to provide requested detail or clarification...

Write opinion pieces on topics or texts, supporting a point of view with reasons.

Write routinely over extended time frames (time for research, reflection, and revision) and shorter time frames (a singl...

Introduce the topic or text they are writing about, state an opinion, and create an organizational structure that lists ...

Provide reasons that support the opinion.

Use linking words and phrases (e.g., because, therefore, since, for example) to connect opinion and reasons.

Provide a concluding statement or section.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas and information clearly.

Introduce a topic and group related information together; include illustrations when useful to aiding comprehension.

Develop the topic with facts, definitions, and details.

Use linking words and phrases (e.g., also, another, and, more, but) to connect ideas within categories of information.

Provide a concluding statement or section.

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, descriptive details, and c...

Establish a situation and introduce a narrator and/or characters; organize an event sequence that unfolds naturally.

Use dialogue and descriptions of actions, thoughts, and feelings to develop experiences and events or show the response ...

Use temporal words and phrases to signal event order.

Provide a sense of closure.

With guidance and support from adults, produce writing in which the development and organization are appropriate to task...

With guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, and edi...

With guidance and support from adults, use technology to produce and publish writing (using keyboarding skills) as well ...

Conduct short research projects that build knowledge about a topic.

Recall information from experiences or gather information from print and digital sources; take brief notes on sources an...

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Use relative pronouns (who, whose, whom, which, that) and relative adverbs (where, when, why).

Form and use the progressive (e.g., I was walking; I am walking; I will be walking) verb tenses.

Use modal auxiliaries (e.g., can, may, must) to convey various conditions.

Order adjectives within sentences according to conventional patterns (e.g., a small red bag rather than a red small bag)...

Form and use prepositional phrases.

Produce complete sentences, recognizing and correcting inappropriate fragments and run-ons.

Correctly use frequently confused words (e.g., to, too, two; there, their).

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Use correct capitalization.

Use commas and quotation marks to mark direct speech and quotations from a text.

Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction in a compound sentence.

Spell grade-appropriate words correctly, consulting references as needed.

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.

Choose words and phrases to convey ideas precisely.

Choose punctuation for effect.

Differentiate between contexts that call for formal English (e.g., presenting ideas) and situations where informal disco...

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade 4 reading and content,...

Use context (e.g., definitions, examples, or restatements in text) as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Use common, grade-appropriate Greek and Latin affixes and roots as clues to the meaning of a word (e.g., telegraph, phot...

Consult reference materials (e.g., dictionaries, glossaries, thesauruses), both print and digital, to find the pronuncia...

Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.

Explain the meaning of simple similes and metaphors (e.g., as pretty as a picture) in context.

Recognize and explain the meaning of common idioms, adages, and proverbs.

Demonstrate understanding of words by relating them to their opposites (antonyms) and to words with similar but not iden...

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate general academic and domain-specific words and phrases, including those tha...

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words.

Use combined knowledge of all letter-sound correspondences, syllabication patterns, and morphology (e.g., roots and affi...

Read with sufficient accuracy and fluency to support comprehension.

Read on-level prose and poetry orally with accuracy, appropriate rate, and expression on successive readings

Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding, rereading as necessary.

Refer to details and examples in a text when explaining what the text says explicitly and when drawing inferences from t...

By the end of year, read and comprehend informational texts, including history/social studies, science, and technical te...

Determine the main idea of a text and explain how it is supported by key details; summarize the text.

Explain events, procedures, ideas, or concepts in a historical, scientific, or technical text, including what happened a...

Determine the meaning of general academic and domain-specific words or phrases in a text relevant to a grade 4 topic or ...

Describe the overall structure (e.g., chronology, comparison, cause/effect, problem/solution) of events, ideas, concepts...

Compare and contrast a firsthand and secondhand account of the same event or topic; describe the differences in focus an...

Interpret information presented visually, orally, or quantitatively (e.g., in charts, graphs, diagrams, time lines, anim...

Explain how an author uses reasons and evidence to support particular points in a text.

Integrate information from two texts on the same topic in order to write or speak about the subject knowledgeably.

Refer to details and examples in a text when explaining what the text says explicitly and when drawing inferences from t...

By the end of the year, read and comprehend literature, including stories, dramas, and poetry, in the grades 4—5 text co...

Determine a theme of a story, drama, or poem from details in the text; summarize the text.

Describe in depth a character, setting, or event in a story or drama, drawing on specific details in the text (e.g., a c...

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including those that allude to significant charac...

Explain major differences between poems, drama, and prose, and refer to the structural elements of poems (e.g., verse, r...

Compare and contrast the point of view from which different stories are narrated, including the difference between first...

Make connections between the text of a story or drama and a visual or oral presentation of the text, identifying where e...

Compare and contrast the treatment of similar themes and topics (e.g., opposition of good and evil) and patterns of even...

Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse partner...

Come to discussions prepared, having read or studied required material; explicitly draw on that preparation and other in...

Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions and carry out assigned roles.

Pose and respond to specific questions to clarify or follow up on information, and make comments that contribute to the ...

Review the key ideas expressed and explain their own ideas and understanding in light of the discussion.

Paraphrase portions of a text read aloud or information presented in diverse media and formats, including visually, quan...

Identify the reasons and evidence a speaker provides to support particular points.

Report on a topic or text, tell a story, or recount an experience in an organized manner, using appropriate facts and re...

Add audio recordings and visual displays to presentations when appropriate to enhance the development of main ideas or t...

Differentiate between contexts that call for formal English (e.g., presenting ideas) and situations where informal disco...

Write opinion pieces on topics or texts, supporting a point of view with reasons and information

Write routinely over extended time frames (time for research, reflection, and revision) and shorter time frames (a singl...

Introduce a topic or text clearly, state an opinion, and create an organizational structure in which related ideas are g...

Provide reasons that are supported by facts and details.

Link opinion and reasons using words and phrases (e.g., for instance, in order to, in addition).

Provide a concluding statement or section related to the opinion presented.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas and information clearly.

Introduce a topic clearly and group related information in paragraphs and sections; include formatting (e.g., headings),...

Develop the topic with facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples related to th...

Link ideas within categories of information using words and phrases (e.g., another, for example, also, because).

Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic.

Provide a concluding statement or section related to the information or explanation presented

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, descriptive details, and c...

Orient the reader by establishing a situationand introducing a narrator and/or characters; organize an event sequence th...

Use dialogue and description to develop experiences and events or show the responses of characters to situations.

Use a variety of transitional words and phrases to manage the sequence of events.

Use concrete words and phrases and sensory details to convey experiences and events precisely.

Provide a conclusion that follows from the narrated experiences or events.

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development and organization are appropriate to task, purpose, and audie...

With guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, and edi...

With some guidance and support from adults, use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing as we...

Conduct short research projects that build knowledge through investigation of different aspects of a topic.

Recall relevant information from experiences or gather relevant information from print and digital sources; take notes a...

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Apply grade 4 Reading standards to literature (e.g., "Describe in depth a character, setting, or event in a story or dra...

Apply grade 4 Reading standards to informational texts (e.g., "Explain how an author uses reasons and evidence to suppor...

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Explain the function of conjunctions, prepositions, and interjections in general and their function in particular senten...

Form and use the perfect (e.g., I had walked; I have walked; I will have walked) verb tenses.

Use verb tense to convey various times, sequences, states, and conditions.

Recognize and correct inappropriate shifts in verb tense.

Use correlative conjunctions (e.g., either/or, neither/nor).

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Use punctuation to separate items in a series.

Use a comma to separate an introductory element from the rest of the sentence.

Use a comma to set off the words yes and no (e.g., Yes, thank you), to set off a tag question from the rest of the sente...

Use underlining, quotation marks, or italics to indicate titles of works.

Spell grade-appropriate words correctly, consulting references as needed.

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.

Expand, combine, and reduce sentences for meaning, reader/listener interest, and style.

Compare and contrast the varieties of English (e.g., dialects, registers) used in stories, dramas, or poems.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade 5 reading and content,...

Use context (e.g., cause/effect relationships and comparisons in text) as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Use common, grade-appropriate Greek and Latin affixes and roots as clues to the meaning of a word (e.g., photograph, pho...

Consult reference materials (e.g., dictionaries, glossaries, thesauruses), both print and digital, to find the pronuncia...

Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.

Interpret figurative language, including similes and metaphors, in context.

Recognize and explain the meaning of common idioms, adages, and proverbs.

Use the relationship between particular words (e.g., synonyms, antonyms, homographs) to better understand each of the wo...

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate general academic and domain-specific words and phrases, including those tha...

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words.

Use combined knowledge of all letter-sound correspondences, syllabication patterns, and morphology (e.g., roots and affi...

Read with sufficient accuracy and fluency to support comprehension.

Read on-level prose and poetry orally with accuracy, appropriate rate, and expression on successive readings

Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding, rereading as necessary.

Quote accurately from a text when explaining what the text says explicitly and when drawing inferences from the text.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend informational texts, including history/social studies, science, and technica...

Determine two or more main ideas of a text and explain how they are supported by key details; summarize the text.

Explain the relationships or interactions between two or more individuals, events, ideas, or concepts in a historical, s...

Determine the meaning of general academic and domain-specific words and phrases in a text relevant to a grade 5 topic or...

Compare and contrast the overall structure (e.g., chronology, comparison, cause/effect, problem/solution) of events, ide...

Analyze multiple accounts of the same event or topic, noting important similarities and differences in the point of view...

Draw on information from multiple print or digital sources, demonstrating the ability to locate an answer to a question ...

Explain how an author uses reasons and evidence to support particular points in a text, identifying which reasons and ev...

Integrate information from several texts on the same topic in order to write or speak about the subject knowledgeably.

Quote accurately from a text when explaining what the text says explicitly and when drawing inferences from the text.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend literature, including stories, dramas, and poetry, at the high end of the gr...

Determine a theme of a story, drama, or poem from details in the text, including how characters in a story or drama resp...

Compare and contrast two or more characters, settings, or events in a story or drama, drawing on specific details in the...

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative language such as metaphors a...

Explain how a series of chapters, scenes, or stanzas fits together to provide the overall structure of a particular stor...

Describe how a narrator's or speaker's point of view influences how events are described.

Analyze how visual and multimedia elements contribute to the meaning, tone, or beauty of a text (e.g., graphic novel, mu...

Compare and contrast stories in the same genre (e.g., mysteries and adventure stories) on their approaches to similar th...

Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse partner...

Come to discussions prepared, having read or studied required material; explicitly draw on that preparation and other in...

Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions and carry out assigned roles.

Pose and respond to specific questions by making comments that contribute to the discussion and elaborate on the remarks...

Review the key ideas expressed and draw conclusions in light of information and knowledge gained from the discussions.

Summarize a written text read aloud or information presented in diverse media and formats, including visually, quantitat...

Summarize the points a speaker makes and explain how each claim is supported by reasons and evidence.

Report on a topic or text or present an opinion, sequencing ideas logically and using appropriate facts and relevant, de...

Include multimedia components (e.g., graphics, sound) and visual displays in presentations when appropriate to enhance t...

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, using formal English when appropriate to task and situation.

Write opinion pieces on topics or texts, supporting a point of view with reasons and information

Write routinely over extended time frames (time for research, reflection, and revision) and shorter time frames (a singl...

Introduce a topic or text clearly, state an opinion, and create an organizational structure in which ideas are logically...

Provide logically ordered reasons that are supported by facts and details.

Link opinion and reasons using words, phrases, and clauses (e.g., consequently, specifically).

Provide a concluding statement or section related to the opinion presented.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas and information clearly.

Introduce a topic clearly, provide a general observation and focus, and group related information logically; include for...

Develop the topic with facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples related to th...

Link ideas within and across categories of information using words, phrases, and clauses (e.g., in contrast, especially)...

Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic.

Provide a concluding statement or section related to the information or explanation presented

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, descriptive details, and c...

Orient the reader by establishing a situation and introducing a narrator and/or characters; organize an event sequence t...

Use narrative techniques, such as dialogue, description, and pacing, to develop experiences and events or show the respo...

Use a variety of transitional words, phrases, and clauses to manage the sequence of events.

Use concrete words and phrases and sensory details to convey experiences and events precisely.

Provide a conclusion that follows from the narrated experiences or events.

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development and organization are appropriate to task, purpose, and audie...

With guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing...

With some guidance and support from adults, use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing as we...

Conduct short research projects that use several sources to build knowledge through investigation of different aspects o...

Recall relevant information from experiences or gather relevant information from print and digital sources; summarize or...

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Apply grade 5 Reading standards to literature (e.g., "Compare and contrast two or more characters, settings, or events i...

Apply grade 5 Reading standards to informational texts (e.g., "Explain how an author uses reasons and evidence to suppor...

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Ensure that pronouns are in the proper case (subjective, objective, possessive).

Use intensive pronouns (e.g., myself, ourselves).

Recognize and correct inappropriate shifts in pronoun number and person.

Recognize and correct vague pronouns (i.e., ones with unclear or ambiguous antecedents).

Recognize variations from standard English in their own and others' writing and speaking, and identify and use strategie...

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Use punctuation (commas, parentheses, dashes) to set off nonrestrictive/parenthetical elements.

Spell correctly.

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.

Vary sentence patterns for meaning, reader/listener interest, and style.

Maintain consistency in style and tone.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade 6 reading and content,...

Use context (e.g., the overall meaning of a sentence or paragraph; a word's position or function in a sentence) as a clu...

Use common, grade-appropriate Greek or Latin affixes and roots as clues to the meaning of a word (e.g., audience, audito...

Consult reference materials (e.g., dictionaries, glossaries, thesauruses), both print and digital, to find the pronuncia...

Verify the preliminary determination of the meaning of a word or phrase (e.g., by checking the inferred meaning in conte...

Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.

Interpret figures of speech (e.g., personification) in context.

Use the relationship between particular words (e.g., cause/effect, part/whole, item/category) to better understand each ...

Distinguish among the connotations (associations) of words with similar denotations (definitions) (e.g., stingy, scrimpi...

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate general academic and domain-specific words and phrases; gather vocabulary k...

Cite textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend literary nonfiction in the grades 6—8 text complexity band proficiently, wit...

Determine a central idea of a text and how it is conveyed through particular details; provide a summary of the text dist...

Analyze in detail how a key individual, event, or idea is introduced, illustrated, and elaborated in a text (e.g., throu...

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative, connotative, and technical ...

Analyze how a particular sentence, paragraph, chapter, or section fits into the overall structure of a text and contribu...

Determine an author's point of view or purpose in a text and explain how it is conveyed in the text.

Integrate information presented in different media or formats (e.g., visually, quantitatively) as well as in words to de...

Trace and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, distinguishing claims that are supported by reasons and e...

Compare and contrast one author's presentation of events with that of another (e.g., a memoir written by and a biography...

Cite textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend literature, including stories, dramas, and poems, in the grades 6—8 text com...

Determine a theme or central idea of a text and how it is conveyed through particular details; provide a summary of the ...

Describe how a particular story's or drama's plot unfolds in a series of episodes as well as how the characters respond ...

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative and connotative meanings; an...

Analyze how a particular sentence, chapter, scene, or stanza fits into the overall structure of a text and contributes t...

Explain how an author develops the point of view of the narrator or speaker in a text.

Compare and contrast the experience of reading a story, drama, or poem to listening to or viewing an audio, video, or li...

Compare and contrast texts in different forms or genres (e.g., stories and poems; historical novels and fantasy stories)...

Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse partner...

Come to discussions prepared, having read or studied required material; explicitly draw on that preparation by referring...

Follow rules for collegial discussions, set specific goals and deadlines, and define individual roles as needed.

Pose and respond to specific questions with elaboration and detail by making comments that contribute to the topic, text...

Review the key ideas expressed and demonstrate understanding of multiple perspectives through reflection and paraphrasin...

Interpret information presented in diverse media and formats (e.g., visually, quantitatively, orally) and explain how it...

Delineate a speaker's argument and specific claims, distinguishing claims that are supported by reasons and evidence fro...

Present claims and findings, sequencing ideas logically and using pertinent descriptions, facts, and details to accentua...

Include multimedia components (e.g., graphics, images, music, sound) and visual displays in presentations to clarify inf...

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate.

Write arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence.

Write routinely over extended time frames (time for research, reflection, and revision) and shorter time frames (a singl...

Introduce claim(s) and organize the reasons and evidence clearly.

Support claim(s) with clear reasons and relevant evidence, using credible sources and demonstrating an understanding of ...

Use words, phrases, and clauses to clarify the relationships among claim(s) and reasons.

Establish and maintain a formal style.

Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from the argument presented.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas, concepts, and information through the selection...

Introduce a topic; organize ideas, concepts, and information, using strategies such as definition, classification, compa...

Develop the topic with relevant facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples.

Use appropriate transitions to clarify the relationships among ideas and concepts.

Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic.

Establish and maintain a formal style.

Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from the information or explanation presented.

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, relevant descriptive detai...

Engage and orient the reader by establishing a context and introducing a narrator and/or characters; organize an event s...

Use narrative techniques, such as dialogue, pacing, and description, to develop experiences, events, and/or characters.

Use a variety of transition words, phrases, and clauses to convey sequence and signal shifts from one time frame or sett...

Use precise words and phrases, relevant descriptive details, and sensory language to convey experiences and events.

Provide a conclusion that follows from the narrated experiences or events.

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, a...

With some guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, ed...

Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing as well as to interact and collaborate with other...

Conduct short research projects to answer a question, drawing on several sources and refocusing the inquiry when appropr...

Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources; assess the credibility of each source; and quote or...

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Apply grade 6 Reading standards to literature (e.g., "Compare and contrast texts in different forms or genres [e.g., sto...

Apply grade 6 Reading standards to literary nonfiction (e.g., "Trace and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a ...

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Explain the function of phrases and clauses in general and their function in specific sentences.

Choose among simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences to signal differing relationships among ideas.

Place phrases and clauses within a sentence, recognizing and correcting misplaced and dangling modifiers.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Use a comma to separate coordinate adjectives (e.g., It was a fascinating, enjoyable movie but not He wore an old[,] gre...

Spell correctly.

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.

Choose language that expresses ideas precisely and concisely, recognizing and eliminating wordiness and redundancy.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade 7 reading and content,...

Use context (e.g., the overall meaning of a sentence or paragraph; a word's position or function in a sentence) as a clu...

Use common, grade-appropriate Greek or Latin affixes and roots as clues to the meaning of a word (e.g., belligerent, bel...

Consult general and specialized reference materials (e.g., dictionaries, glossaries, thesauruses), both print and digita...

Verify the preliminary determination of the meaning of a word or phrase (e.g., by checking the inferred meaning in conte...

Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.

Interpret figures of speech (e.g., literary, biblical, and mythological allusions) in context.

Use the relationship between particular words (e.g., synonym/antonym, analogy) to better understand each of the words.

Distinguish among the connotations (associations) of words with similar denotations (definitions) (e.g., refined, respec...

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate general academic and domain-specific words and phrases; gather vocabulary k...

Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of primary and secondary sources.

By the end of grade 8, read and comprehend history/social studies texts in the grades 6—8 text complexity band independe...

Determine the central ideas or information of a primary or secondary source; provide an accurate summary of the source d...

Identify key steps in a text's description of a process related to history/social studies (e.g., how a bill becomes law,...

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including vocabulary specific to domains related ...

Describe how a text presents information (e.g., sequentially, comparatively, causally).

Identify aspects of a text that reveal an author's point of view or purpose (e.g., loaded language, inclusion or avoidan...

Integrate visual information (e.g., in charts, graphs, photographs, videos, or maps) with other information in print and...

Distinguish among fact, opinion, and reasoned judgment in a text.

Analyze the relationship between a primary and secondary source on the same topic.

Cite several pieces of textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn...

By the end of the year, read and comprehend literary nonfiction in the grades 6–8 text complexity band proficiently, wit...

Determine two or more central ideas in a text and analyze their development over the course of the text; provide an obje...

Analyze the interactions between individuals, events, and ideas in a text (e.g., how ideas influence individuals or even...

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative, connotative, and technical ...

Analyze the structure an author uses to organize a text, including how the major sections contribute to the whole and to...

Determine an author's point of view or purpose in a text and analyze how the author distinguishes his or her position fr...

Compare and contrast a text to an audio, video, or multimedia version of the text, analyzing each medium's portrayal of ...

Trace and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing whether the reasoning is sound and the evidence...

Analyze how two or more authors writing about the same topic shape their presentations of key information by emphasizing...

Cite several pieces of textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn...

Determine a theme or central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text; provide an objectiv...

Analyze how particular elements of a story or drama interact (e.g., how setting shapes the characters or plot).

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative and connotative meanings; an...

Analyze how a drama's or poem's form or structure (e.g., soliloquy, sonnet) contributes to its meaning.

Analyze how an author develops and contrasts the points of view of different characters or narrators in a text.

Compare and contrast a written story, drama, or poem to its audio, filmed, staged, or multimedia version, analyzing the ...

Compare and contrast a fictional portrayal of a time, place, or character and a historical account of the same period as...

Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts.

By the end of grade 8, read and comprehend science/technical texts in the grades 6—8 text complexity band independently ...

Determine the central ideas or conclusions of a text; provide an accurate summary of the text distinct from prior knowle...

Follow precisely a multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks...

Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific ...

Analyze the structure an author uses to organize a text, including how the major sections contribute to the whole and to...

Analyze the author's purpose in providing an explanation, describing a procedure, or discussing an experiment in a text.

Integrate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text with a version of that information expresse...

Distinguish among facts, reasoned judgment based on research findings, and speculation in a text.

Compare and contrast the information gained from experiments, simulations, video, or multimedia sources with that gained...

Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse partner...

Come to discussions prepared, having read or researched material under study; explicitly draw on that preparation by ref...

Follow rules for collegial discussions, track progress toward specific goals and deadlines, and define individual roles ...

Pose questions that elicit elaboration and respond to others' questions and comments with relevant observations and idea...

Acknowledge new information expressed by others and, when warranted, modify their own views.

Analyze the main ideas and supporting details presented in diverse media and formats (e.g., visually, quantitatively, or...

Delineate a speaker's argument and specific claims, evaluating the soundness of the reasoning and the relevance and suff...

Present claims and findings, emphasizing salient points in a focused, coherent manner with pertinent descriptions, facts...

Include multimedia components and visual displays in presentations to clarify claims and findings and emphasize salient ...

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate.

Write arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence.

Write routinely over extended time frames (time for research, reflection, and revision) and shorter time frames (a singl...

Introduce claim(s), acknowledge alternate or opposing claims, and organize the reasons and evidence logically.

Support claim(s) with logical reasoning and relevant evidence, using accurate, credible sources and demonstrating an und...

Use words, phrases, and clauses to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among claim(s), reasons, and evidence.

Establish and maintain a formal style.

Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the argument presented.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas, concepts, and information through the selection...

Introduce a topic clearly, previewing what is to follow; organize ideas, concepts, and information, using strategies suc...

Develop the topic with relevant facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples.

Use appropriate transitions to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among ideas and concepts.

Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic.

Establish and maintain a formal style.

Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation presented

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, relevant descriptive detai...

Engage and orient the reader by establishing a context and point of view and introducing a narrator and/or characters; o...

Use narrative techniques, such as dialogue, pacing, and description, to develop experiences, events, and/or characters.

Use a variety of transition words, phrases, and clauses to convey sequence and signal shifts from one time frame or sett...

Use precise words and phrases, relevant descriptive details, and sensory language to capture the action and convey exper...

Provide a conclusion that follows from and reflects on the narrated experiences or events.

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, a...

With some guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, ed...

Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing and link to and cite sources as well as to intera...

Conduct short research projects to answer a question, drawing on several sources and generating additional related, focu...

Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources, using search terms effectively; assess the credibil...

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Apply grade 7 Reading standards to literature (e.g., "Compare and contrast a fictional portrayal of a time, place, or ch...

Apply grade 7 Reading standards to literary nonfiction (e.g. "Trace and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a t...

Write arguments focused on discipline-specific content.

Write routinely over extended time frames (time for reflection and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting o...

Introduce claim(s) about a topic or issue, acknowledge and distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims, a...

Support claim(s) with logical reasoning and relevant, accurate data and evidence that demonstrate an understanding of th...

Use words, phrases, and clauses to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among claim(s), counterclaims, reasons,...

Establish and maintain a formal style.

Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from or supports the argument presented.

Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or...

Introduce a topic clearly, previewing what is to follow; organize ideas, concepts, and information into broader categori...

Develop the topic with relevant, well-chosen facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and ...

Use appropriate and varied transitions to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among ideas and concepts.

Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic.

Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone.

Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation presented.

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, a...

With some guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, ed...

Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing and present the relationships between information...

Conduct short research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question), drawing on several sources a...

Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources, using search terms effectively; assess the credibil...

Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Explain the function of verbals (gerunds, participles, infinitives) in general and their function in particular sentence...

Form and use verbs in the active and passive voice.

Form and use verbs in the indicative, imperative, interrogative, conditional, and subjunctive mood.

Recognize and correct inappropriate shifts in verb voice and mood.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Use punctuation (comma, ellipsis, dash) to indicate a pause or break.

Use an ellipsis to indicate an omission.

Spell correctly.

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.

Use verbs in the active and passive voice and in the conditional and subjunctive mood to achieve particular effects (e.g...

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words or phrases based on grade 8 reading and content, ...

Use context (e.g., the overall meaning of a sentence or paragraph; a word's position or function in a sentence) as a clu...

Use common, grade-appropriate Greek or Latin affixes and roots as clues to the meaning of a word (e.g., precede, recede,...

Consult general and specialized reference materials (e.g., dictionaries, glossaries, thesauruses), both print and digita...

Verify the preliminary determination of the meaning of a word or phrase (e.g., by checking the inferred meaning in conte...

Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.

Interpret figures of speech (e.g. verbal irony, puns) in context.

Use the relationship between particular words to better understand each of the words.

Distinguish among the connotations (associations) of words with similar denotations (definitions) (e.g., bullheaded, wil...

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate general academic and domain-specific words and phrases; gather vocabulary k...

Cite the textual evidence that most strongly supports an analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences...

By the end of the year, read and comprehend literary nonfiction at the high end of the grades 6—8 text complexity band i...

Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including its relationship t...

Analyze how a text makes connections among and distinctions between individuals, ideas, or events (e.g., through compari...

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative, connotative, and technical ...

Analyze in detail the structure of a specific paragraph in a text, including the role of particular sentences in develop...

Determine an author's point of view or purpose in a text and analyze how the author acknowledges and responds to conflic...

Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using different mediums (e.g., print or digital text, video, multimedia) to...

Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing whether the reasoning is sound and the evid...

Analyze a case in which two or more texts provide conflicting information on the same topic and identify where the texts...

Cite the textual evidence that most strongly supports an analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences...

By the end of the year, read and comprehend literature, including stories, dramas, and poems, at the high end of grades ...

Determine a theme or central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including its relat...

Analyze how particular lines of dialogue or incidents in a story or drama propel the action, reveal aspects of a charact...

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative and connotative meanings; an...

Compare and contrast the structure of two or more texts and analyze how the differing structure of each text contributes...

Analyze how differences in the points of view of the characters and the audience or reader (e.g., created through the us...

Analyze the extent to which a filmed or live production of a story or drama stays faithful to or departs from the text o...

Analyze how a modern work of fiction draws on themes, patterns of events, or character types from myths, traditional sto...

Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse partner...

Come to discussions prepared, having read or researched material under study; explicitly draw on that preparation by ref...

Follow rules for collegial discussions and decision-making, track progress toward specific goals and deadlines, and defi...

Pose questions that connect the ideas of several speakers and respond to others' questions and comments with relevant ev...

Acknowledge new information expressed by others, and, when warranted, qualify or justify their own views in light of the...

Analyze the purpose of information presented in diverse media and formats (e.g., visually, quantitatively, orally) and e...

Delineate a speaker's argument and specific claims, evaluating the soundness of the reasoning and relevance and sufficie...

Present claims and findings, emphasizing salient points in a focused, coherent manner with relevant evidence, sound vali...

Integrate multimedia and visual displays into presentations to clarify information, strengthen claims and evidence, and ...

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate.

Write arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence.

Write routinely over extended time frames (time for research, reflection, and revision) and shorter time frames (a singl...

Introduce claim(s), acknowledge and distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims, and organize the reasons...

Support claim(s) with logical reasoning and relevant evidence, using accurate, credible sources and demonstrating an und...

Use words, phrases, and clauses to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among claim(s), counterclaims, reasons,...

Establish and maintain a formal style.

Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the argument presented.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas, concepts, and information through the selection...

Introduce a topic clearly, previewing what is to follow; organize ideas, concepts, and information into broader categori...

Develop the topic with relevant, well-chosen facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and ...

Use appropriate and varied transitions to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among ideas and concepts.

Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic.

Establish and maintain a formal style.

Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation presented

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, relevant descriptive detai...

Engage and orient the reader by establishing a context and point of view and introducing a narrator and/or characters; o...

Use narrative techniques, such as dialogue, pacing, description, and reflection, to develop experiences, events, and/or ...

Use a variety of transition words, phrases, and clauses to convey sequence, signal shifts from one time frame or setting...

Use precise words and phrases, relevant descriptive details, and sensory language to capture the action and convey exper...

Provide a conclusion that follows from and reflects on the narrated experiences or events.

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, a...

With some guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, ed...

Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing and present the relationships between information...

Conduct short research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question), drawing on several sources a...

Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources, using search terms effectively; assess the credibil...

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Apply grade 8 Reading standards to literature (e.g., "Analyze how a modern work of fiction draws on themes, patterns of ...

Apply grade 8 Reading standards to literary nonfiction (e.g., "Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims i...

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Apply the understanding that usage is a matter of convention, can change over time, and is sometimes contested.

Resolve issues of complex or contested usage, consulting references (e.g., Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage...

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Observe hyphenation conventions.

Spell correctly.

Apply knowledge of language to understand how language functions in different contexts, to make effective choices for me...

Vary syntax for effect, consulting references (e.g., Tufte's Artful Sentences) for guidance as needed; apply an understa...

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grades 11—12 reading and con...

Use context (e.g., the overall meaning of a sentence, paragraph, or text; a word's position or function in a sentence) a...

Identify and correctly use patterns of word changes that indicate different meanings or parts of speech (e.g., conceive,...

Consult general and specialized reference materials (e.g., dictionaries, glossaries, thesauruses), both print and digita...

Verify the preliminary determination of the meaning of a word or phrase (e.g., by checking the inferred meaning in conte...

Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.

Interpret figures of speech (e.g., hyperbole, paradox) in context and analyze their role in the text.

Analyze nuances in the meaning of words with similar denotations.

Acquire and use accurately general academic and domain-specific words and phrases, sufficient for reading, writing, spea...

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Use parallel structure.

Use various types of phrases (noun, verb, adjectival, adverbial, participial, prepositional, absolute) and clauses (inde...

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Use a semicolon (and perhaps a conjunctive adverb) to link two or more closely related independent clauses.

Use a colon to introduce a list or quotation.

Spell correctly.

Apply knowledge of language to understand how language functions in different contexts, to make effective choices for me...

Write and edit work so that it conforms to the guidelines in a style manual (e.g., MLA Handbook, Turabian's Manual for W...

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grades 9—10 reading and cont...

Use context (e.g., the overall meaning of a sentence, paragraph, or text; a word's position or function in a sentence) a...

Identify and correctly use patterns of word changes that indicate different meanings or parts of speech (e.g., analyze, ...

Consult general and specialized reference materials (e.g., dictionaries, glossaries, thesauruses), both print and digita...

Verify the preliminary determination of the meaning of a word or phrase (e.g., by checking the inferred meaning in conte...

Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.

Interpret figures of speech (e.g., euphemism, oxymoron) in context and analyze their role in the text.

Analyze nuances in the meaning of words with similar denotations.

Acquire and use accurately general academic and domain-specific words and phrases, sufficient for reading, writing, spea...

Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of primary and secondary sources, connecting insights gained from spe...

By the end of grade 12, read and comprehend history/social studies texts in the grades 11—CCR text complexity band indep...

Determine the central ideas or information of a primary or secondary source; provide an accurate summary that makes clea...

Evaluate various explanations for actions or events and determine which explanation best accords with textual evidence, ...

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including analyzing how an author uses and refine...

Analyze in detail how a complex primary source is structured, including how key sentences, paragraphs, and larger portio...

Evaluate authors' differing points of view on the same historical event or issue by assessing the authors' claims, reaso...

Integrate and evaluate multiple sources of information presented in diverse formats and media (e.g., visually, quantitat...

Evaluate an author's premises, claims, and evidence by corroborating or challenging them with other information.

Integrate information from diverse sources, both primary and secondary, into a coherent understanding of an idea or even...

Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of primary and secondary sources, attending to such features as the d...

By the end of grade 10, read and comprehend history/social studies texts in the grades 9—10 text complexity band indepen...

Determine the central ideas or information of a primary or secondary source; provide an accurate summary of how key even...

Analyze in detail a series of events described in a text; determine whether earlier events caused later ones or simply p...

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including vocabulary describing political, social...

Analyze how a text uses structure to emphasize key points or advance an explanation or analysis

Compare the point of view of two or more authors for how they treat the same or similar topics, including which details ...

Integrate quantitative or technical analysis (e.g., charts, research data) with qualitative analysis in print or digital...

Assess the extent to which the reasoning and evidence in a text support the author's claims.

Compare and contrast treatments of the same topic in several primary and secondary sources.

Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences dra...

By the end of grade 11, read and comprehend literary nonfiction in the grades 11—CCR text complexity band proficiently, ...

Determine two or more central ideas of a text and analyze their development over the course of the text, including how t...

Analyze a complex set of ideas or sequence of events and explain how specific individuals, ideas, or events interact and...

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative, connotative, and technical ...

Analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of the structure an author uses in his or her exposition or argument, including w...

Determine an author's point of view or purpose in a text in which the rhetoric is particularly effective, analyzing how ...

Integrate and evaluate multiple sources of information presented in different media or formats (e.g., visually, quantita...

Delineate and evaluate the reasoning in seminal U.S. texts, including the application of constitutional principles and u...

Analyze seventeenth-, eighteenth-, and nineteenth-century foundational U.S. documents of historical and literary signifi...

Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences dra...

By the end of grade 9, read and comprehend literary nonfiction in the grades 9—10 text complexity band proficiently, wit...

Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including how it emerges and...

Analyze how the author unfolds an analysis or series of ideas or events, including the order in which the points are mad...

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative, connotative, and technical ...

Analyze in detail how an author's ideas or claims are developed and refined by particular sentences, paragraphs, or larg...

Determine an author's point of view or purpose in a text and analyze how an author uses rhetoric to advance that point o...

Analyze various accounts of a subject told in different mediums (e.g., a person's life story in both print and multimedi...

Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing whether the reasoning is valid and the evid...

Analyze seminal U.S. documents of historical and literary significance (e.g., Washington's Farewell Address, the Gettysb...

Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences dra...

By the end of grade 11, read and comprehend literature, including stories, dramas, and poems, in the grades 11—CCR text ...

Determine two or more themes or central ideas of a text and analyze their development over the course of the text, inclu...

Analyze the impact of the author's choices regarding how to develop and relate elements of a story or drama (e.g., where...

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in the text, including figurative and connotative meanings; ...

Analyze how an author's choices concerning how to structure specific parts of a text (e.g., the choice of where to begin...

Analyze a case in which grasping point of view requires distinguishing what is directly stated in a text from what is re...

Analyze multiple interpretations of a story, drama, or poem (e.g., recorded or live production of a play or recorded nov...

Demonstrate knowledge of eighteenth-, nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century foundational works of American literature,...

Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences dra...

By the end of grade 9, read and comprehend literature, including stories, dramas, and poems, in the grades 9—10 text com...

Determine a theme or central idea of a text and analyze in detail its development over the course of the text, including...

Analyze how complex characters (e.g., those with multiple or conflicting motivations) develop over the course of a text,...

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in the text, including figurative and connotative meanings; ...

Analyze how an author's choices concerning how to structure a text, order events within it (e.g., parallel plots), and m...

Analyze a particular point of view or cultural experience reflected in a work of literature from outside the United Stat...

Analyze the representation of a subject or a key scene in two different artistic mediums, including what is emphasized o...

Analyze how an author draws on and transforms source material in a specific work (e.g., how Shakespeare treats a theme o...

Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts, attending to important distinctions t...

By the end of grade 12, read and comprehend science/technical texts in the grades 11—CCR text complexity band independen...

Determine the central ideas or conclusions of a text; summarize complex concepts, processes, or information presented in...

Follow precisely a complex multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technic...

Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific ...

Analyze how the text structures information or ideas into categories or hierarchies, demonstrating understanding of the ...

Analyze the author's purpose in providing an explanation, describing a procedure, or discussing an experiment in a text,...

Integrate and evaluate multiple sources of information presented in diverse formats and media (e.g., quantitative data, ...

Evaluate the hypotheses, data, analysis, and conclusions in a science or technical text, verifying the data when possibl...

Synthesize information from a range of sources (e.g., texts, experiments, simulations) into a coherent understanding of ...

Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts, attending to the precise details of e...

By the end of grade 10, read and comprehend science/technical texts in the grades 9—10 text complexity band independentl...

Determine the central ideas or conclusions of a text; trace the text's explanation or depiction of a complex process, ph...

Follow precisely a complex multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technic...

Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific ...

Analyze the structure of the relationships among concepts in a text, including relationships among key terms (e.g., forc...

Analyze the author's purpose in providing an explanation, describing a procedure, or discussing an experiment in a text,...

Translate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text into visual form (e.g., a table or chart) a...

Assess the extent to which the reasoning and evidence in a text support the author's claim or a recommendation for solvi...

Compare and contrast findings presented in a text to those from other sources (including their own experiments), noting ...

Initiate and participate effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) wi...

Come to discussions prepared, having read and researched material under study; explicitly draw on that preparation by re...

Work with peers to promote civil, democratic discussions and decision-making, set clear goals and deadlines, and establi...

Propel conversations by posing and responding to questions that probe reasoning and evidence; ensure a hearing for a ful...

Respond thoughtfully to diverse perspectives; synthesize comments, claims, and evidence made on all sides of an issue; r...

Integrate multiple sources of information presented in diverse formats and media (e.g., visually, quantitatively, orally...

Evaluate a speaker's point of view, reasoning, and use of evidence and rhetoric, assessing the stance, premises, links a...

Present information, findings, and supporting evidence, conveying a clear and distinct perspective, such that listeners ...

Make strategic use of digital media (e.g., textual, graphical, audio, visual, and interactive elements) in presentations...

Initiate and participate effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) wi...

Come to discussions prepared, having read and researched material under study; explicitly draw on that preparation by re...

Work with peers to set rules for collegial discussions and decision-making (e.g., informal consensus, taking votes on ke...

Propel conversations by posing and responding to questions that relate the current discussion to broader themes or large...

Respond thoughtfully to diverse perspectives, summarize points of agreement and disagreement, and, when warranted, quali...

Integrate multiple sources of information presented in diverse media or formats (e.g., visually, quantitatively, orally)...

Evaluate a speaker's point of view, reasoning, and use of evidence and rhetoric, identifying any fallacious reasoning or...

Present information, findings, and supporting evidence clearly, concisely, and logically such that listeners can follow ...

Make strategic use of digital media (e.g., textual, graphical, audio, visual, and interactive elements) in presentations...

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate.

Write arguments to support claims in an analysis of substantive topics or texts, using valid reasoning and relevant and ...

Write routinely over extended time frames (time for research, reflection, and revision) and shorter time frames (a singl...

Introduce precise, knowledgeable claim(s), establish the significance of the claim(s), distinguish the claim(s) from alt...

Develop claim(s) and counterclaims fairly and thoroughly, supplying the most relevant evidence for each while pointing o...

Use words, phrases, and clauses as well as varied syntax to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and cl...

Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone while attending to the norms and conventions of the discipline ...

Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the argument presented.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas, concepts, and information clearly and accuratel...

Introduce a topic; organize complex ideas, concepts, and information so that each new element builds on that which prece...

Develop the topic thoroughly by selecting the most significant and relevant facts, extended definitions, concrete detail...

Use appropriate and varied transitions and syntax to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify t...

Use precise language, domain-specific vocabulary, and techniques such as metaphor, simile, and analogy to manage the com...

Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone while attending to the norms and conventions of the discipline ...

Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation presented (e.g.,...

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, well-chosen details, and w...

Engage and orient the reader by setting out a problem, situation, or observation and its significance, establishing one ...

Use narrative techniques, such as dialogue, pacing, description, reflection, and multiple plot lines, to develop experie...

Use a variety of techniques to sequence events so that they build on one another to create a coherent whole and build to...

Use precise words and phrases, telling details, and sensory language to convey a vivid picture of the experiences, event...

Provide a conclusion that follows from and reflects on what is experienced, observed, or resolved over the course of the...

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, a...

Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing o...

Use technology, including the Internet, to produce, publish, and update individual or shared writing products in respons...

Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question) or ...

Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; ...

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Apply grades 11—12 Reading standards to literature (e.g., "Demonstrate knowledge of eighteenth-, nineteenth- and early-t...

Apply grades 11—12 Reading standards to literary nonfiction (e.g., "Delineate and evaluate the reasoning in seminal U.S....

Write arguments to support claims in an analysis of substantive topics or texts, using valid reasoning and relevant and ...

Write routinely over extended time frames (time for research, reflection, and revision) and shorter time frames (a singl...

Introduce precise claim(s), distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims, and create an organization that ...

Develop claim(s) and counterclaims fairly, supplying evidence for each while pointing out the strengths and limitations ...

Use words, phrases, and clauses to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships b...

Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone while attending to the norms and conventions of the discipline ...

Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the argument presented.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas, concepts, and information clearly and accuratel...

Introduce a topic; organize complex ideas, concepts, and information to make important connections and distinctions; inc...

Develop the topic with well-chosen, relevant, and sufficient facts, extended definitions, concrete details, quotations, ...

Use appropriate and varied transitions to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relation...

Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to manage the complexity of the topic.

Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone while attending to the norms and conventions of the discipline ...

Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation presented (e.g.,...

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, well-chosen details, and w...

Engage and orient the reader by setting out a problem, situation, or observation, establishing one or multiple point(s) ...

Use narrative techniques, such as dialogue, pacing, description, reflection, and multiple plot lines, to develop experie...

Use a variety of techniques to sequence events so that they build on one another to create a coherent whole.

Use precise words and phrases, telling details, and sensory language to convey a vivid picture of the experiences, event...

Provide a conclusion that follows from and reflects on what is experienced, observed, or resolved over the course of the...

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, a...

Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing o...

Use technology, including the Internet, to produce, publish, and update individual or shared writing products, taking ad...

Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question) or ...

Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; ...

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Apply grades 9—10 Reading standards to literature (e.g., "Analyze how an author draws on and transforms source material ...

Apply grades 9—10 Reading standards to literary nonfiction (e.g., "Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific clai...

Write arguments focused on discipline-specific content.

Write routinely over extended time frames (time for reflection and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting o...

Introduce precise, knowledgeable claim(s), establish the significance of the claim(s), distinguish the claim(s) from alt...

Develop claim(s) and counterclaims fairly and thoroughly, supplying the most relevant data and evidence for each while p...

Use words, phrases, and clauses as well as varied syntax to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and cl...

Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone while attending to the norms and conventions of the discipline ...

Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from or supports the argument presented.

Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or...

Introduce a topic and organize complex ideas, concepts, and information so that each new element builds on that which pr...

Develop the topic thoroughly by selecting the most significant and relevant facts, extended definitions, concrete detail...

Use varied transitions and sentence structures to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the ...

Use precise language, domain-specific vocabulary and techniques such as metaphor, simile, and analogy to manage the comp...

Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation provided (e.g., ...

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, a...

Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing o...

Use technology, including the Internet, to produce, publish, and update individual or shared writing products in respons...

Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question) or ...

Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; ...

Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Write arguments focused on discipline-specific content.

Write routinely over extended time frames (time for reflection and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting o...

Introduce precise claim(s), distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims, and create an organization that ...

Develop claim(s) and counterclaims fairly, supplying data and evidence for each while pointing out the strengths and lim...

Use words, phrases, and clauses to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships b...

Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone while attending to the norms and conventions of the discipline ...

Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from or supports the argument presented.

Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or...

Introduce a topic and organize ideas, concepts, and information to make important connections and distinctions; include ...

Develop the topic with well-chosen, relevant, and sufficient facts, extended definitions, concrete details, quotations, ...

Use varied transitions and sentence structures to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the ...

Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to manage the complexity of the topic and convey a style appropriate...

Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone while attending to the norms and conventions of the discipline ...

Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation presented (e.g.,...

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, a...

Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing o...

Use technology, including the Internet, to produce, publish, and update individual or shared writing products, taking ad...

Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question) or ...