2024 Alabama Course of Study: Social Studies

Describe rights and responsibilities of citizens and individuals within the home, school, and community.

Sequence events using schedules, calendars, and timelines.

Differentiate among broad categories of time, including long ago, yesterday, today, and tomorrow.

Identify a primary source.

Compare daily life in homes, schools, and communities of the past and present using primary sources.

Differentiate between rights and responsibilities of citizens and individuals.

Explain how rules meet needs and provide order, security, and safety in the home, school, and community.

Describe roles of community helpers and leaders.

Identify and explain symbols, customs, influential individuals, and celebrations associated with the home, school, commu...

Describe the purpose of the national anthem (“The Star-Spangled Banner”) and Pledge of Allegiance.

Explain the process of earning, saving, and spending money.

Describe the concept of exchange and how money is used to purchase goods and services.

Differentiate between coin, paper, and digital currency in respect to value.

Differentiate between goods and services.

Differentiate between needs and wants.

Explain the purpose and use of maps.

Identify landforms and bodies of water on maps, globes, and satellite and digital images.

Give and follow directions, using terminology that indicates position and direction.

Identify rights and responsibilities of citizens and individuals within the local community and the state.

Construct calendars, timelines, and daily schedules.

Differentiate between primary and secondary sources.

Utilize primary sources to examine the significance of individuals, cultures, celebrations, and historical events within...

Summarize historical events that have shaped the community and state.

Identify and describe the contributions of significant individuals associated with the community and state in the past a...

Identify festivals and observances celebrated in the community and state, and describe their historical origins.

Identify sites of historical importance in the community and describe their significance.

Utilize primary sources to compare and contrast conditions in their community and state over time.

Explain ways in which responsible citizens contribute to the common good of the community and state.

Explain how voting enables communities to make choices and decisions.

Identify public offices in the community and state and the duties associated with them.

Explain the role of commercial institutions within the local community, including banks, grocery stores, and other busin...

Explain the concept of using money to acquire goods and services to satisfy needs and wants.

Describe ways occupational and recreational opportunities in the local community and state are affected by the physical ...

Define natural resources and identify examples in their community and state.

Explain how farmers produce food and manufacturers turn raw materials into products.

Explain how products are distributed from producers to sellers to consumers.

Name and locate their local community, county, state, and state capital on a political map.

Describe the features of political and physical maps.

Identify map features, including title, cardinal directions, and key.

Construct maps of familiar places.

Differentiate among landforms, bodies of water, and other physical features on maps, globes, and satellite and digital i...

Explain how rights and responsibilities for citizens are part of the American system of government.

Identify cardinal and intermediate directions.

Utilize gridlines to find locations on a map.

Describe segments of time, including year, decade, and century.

Describe historical events and celebrations within the state and nation using primary and secondary sources.

Explain how national historical figures and celebrations relate to fundamental democratic principles.

Research and explain the importance of individual founders and significant figures who shaped the nation.

Describe the purpose and significance of commonly observed holidays, commemorations, and celebrations.

Describe the Alabama connections to national holidays, including Veterans Day and Martin Luther King, Jr. Day.

Explain the history and significance of American symbols and monuments.

Explain how and why people have moved into and within the United States.

Describe the experiences of groups that have migrated to and within the United States throughout history.

Identify and summarize legends, stories, and songs that contributed to the cultural fabric of the United States.

Describe the reasons for the settlement of the American colonies.

Identify American principles found within the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States.

Identify the three branches of government and describe their roles.

Compare the state and national governments in respect to their powers, roles, and leaders.

Explain the voting process.

Explain the economic processes of production and distribution, including the roles of producers, consumers, goods, and s...

Identify examples of imported and exported goods, including those produced within Alabama.

Explain how scarcity influences supply and demand.

Explain how Alabama’s natural resources are utilized in its economy.

Identify the seven continents, the five oceans, and the Equator shown on maps, globes, and satellite and digital images.

Differentiate between the features of a physical map and a political map, and explain how these features contribute to t...

Compare the physical characteristics of regions throughout the United States, including landforms.

Describe regions of the state and nation, using vocabulary associated with geographical features of Earth, including bay...

Locate map features, using geographic terminology to describe them.

Explain why interactions and conflicts occurred between Europeans and Indigenous peoples in the Southeast from 1519 to t...

Describe French expeditions and colonization of Alabama, including the efforts of the LeMoyne brothers (Iberville and Bi...

Locate on maps the French settlements in early Alabama, including Mobile (1702), Fort Toulouse (1717), and Fort Condé (1...

Identify the Equator, International Date Line, Prime Meridian, Tropic of Capricorn, and Tropic of Cancer, using cardinal...

Locate points on a grid using latitude and longitude coordinates.

Use the map scale to calculate the distance between two locations.

Explain how geographic features, including land regions and river systems, connect Alabama to other states.

Interpret thematic maps to compare and contrast Alabama to other states.

Describe the geographic features and natural resources of Alabama regions, including the Alabama Ridge and Valley, Black...

Identify major river systems of Alabama and their points of origin, including the Alabama, Black Warrior, Cahaba, Chatta...

Research and share information on the development of the state and national park systems and the benefits parks provide.

Locate state and national parks within Alabama and explain their historical and economic significance.

Locate and describe the significance of state and national symbols, landmarks, and monuments.

Explain the economic, geographic, and social impact of natural disasters over time.

Describe how Alabama’s environment has been positively and negatively affected by human activity over time.

Compare and contrast the roles of anthropologists, archaeologists, and paleontologists.

Describe Indigenous cultures, governments, and economies in the Southeast prior to European colonization.

Identify changes that took place in prehistoric/pre-contact cultures in the Southeast between the Paleo, Archaic, Woodla...

Describe key characteristics of different tribes in Alabama in the Mississippian Period, contrasting social customs, pol...

Explain reasons for European expeditions and the establishment of early settlements and colonies in North America during...

Trace and compare routes of early explorers of North and South America.

Describe key parts of Hernando de Soto’s expedition through Alabama and explain its effects on Alabama’s Indigenous peop...

Describe cooperation and conflict between the English, French, and Spanish colonists and Indigenous people over the fur ...

Explain how “Alabama fever” influenced Alabama's settlement, economic growth, and political development, leading to stat...

Identify contributions of Alabama’s early political leaders, including William Wyatt Bibb, Thomas Bibb, Israel Pickens, ...

Outline political and geographic reasons for changing the location of Alabama’s state capital.

Describe events and factors that led to the United States' expansion prior to the Civil War, including conflicts, techno...

Locate states admitted to the United States between 1812 and 1860 and categorize these states as either “free” or “slave...

Explain how the growth of the United States from 1812 to 1860 changed economic and social life in Alabama.

Identify different trades and occupations of Alabamians in the period from 1812 to 1860.

Describe the living and working conditions and the cultural practices of enslaved persons engaged in skilled trades, dom...

Explain how the Indian Removal Act (1830), Second Creek War (1836) and economic policies affected the lives, rights, and...

Describe the development of educational institutions in Alabama from statehood through 1860.

Describe how slavery contributed to sectional disagreements, divisions over states’ rights, and economic disputes result...

Identify and describe how key events from the Missouri Compromise (1820) to the election of Abraham Lincoln (1860) contr...

Describe the influence of abolitionists, including enslaved persons and self-liberated Black Americans, on efforts to en...

Describe the significance of the Clotilda’s delivery of kidnapped people to Mobile Bay as an effort to expand slavery.

Summarize Alabama’s role in the formation of the Confederate States of America, including the pivotal events that took p...

Evaluate how key figures contributed to events that shaped the United States’ victory in the Civil War.

Identify Alabama’s economic and military contributions to the Civil War, including weapons manufacturing, soldiers, and ...

Locate and describe the impact of significant Civil War battles, including those affecting Alabama, and identify the loc...

Describe how the Civil War affected the people of Alabama, including the end of slavery, destruction of transportation s...

Summarize events that marked the conclusion of the Civil War, including the assassination of President Lincoln, the surr...

Identify major events of Reconstruction and evaluate the outcomes of Reconstruction policies.

Explain political changes in Alabama during Reconstruction, including new state constitutions, Black Codes, changes in p...

Describe the effects of Reconstruction on education and social institutions in Alabama.

Explain how Africatown was established, describing the challenges its founders overcame and the ways they built communit...

Recount the contributions of Alabamians who helped shape their state during Reconstruction.

Describe how political and social changes of the late 1870s to 1900 affected Black and white Alabamians, including the i...

Describe how industry, trade, farming, and the rise of Populism changed Alabama after the Civil War and shaped its econo...

Describe the social, political, and economic impacts of the conflicts, legislation, and treaties that led to the United ...

Explain how territorial expansion and the construction of the transcontinental railroad affected immigrants and Native A...

Locate states admitted to and territories acquired by the United States between 1865 and 1900, and describe how these ad...

Map the locations of significant European settlements and major Indigenous nations in North America and Alabama.

Compare and contrast the physical geography of the Northern, Middle, and Southern colonies, including geographic feature...

Explain the reasons for the establishment of the labor systems used in colonial America, including apprenticeship, inden...

Describe the triangular trade system, including the Middle Passage of the transatlantic slave trade, and describe the ex...

Describe how the contributions of various groups living in colonial North America helped colonies develop, including art...

Describe the contributions of key individuals who established and developed early American colonies.

Summarize the causes of the French and Indian War and describe how its outcomes increased tensions that led to the Ameri...

Explain how the French and Indian War affected power, trade, and claims to lands in Alabama for both Native Americans an...

Describe key events that caused tension and led American colonists to protest against Great Britain, including the Sugar...

Identify and describe key events of the American Revolution, including the Battles of Lexington and Concord, Saratoga, a...

Summarize the contributions of different groups and individuals to the American Revolution.

Describe events that took place in Alabama during the Revolution, including the Spanish seizure of Mobile and the Battle...

Summarize the principles of the Declaration of Independence.

Explain how the Treaty of Paris (1783) and Pinckney’s Treaty helped set the boundaries of the United States, including t...

Summarize the key factors leading to the ratification of the Constitution, including the weaknesses of the Articles of C...

Describe the system of government established by the Constitution, including the three branches of government and their ...

Explain why the Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution and how the amendment process allows changes to protect or ...

Explain how the Louisiana Purchase and the actions of the Corps of Discovery accelerated westward expansion of the Unite...

Summarize how the Federal Road increased access to Creek Territory for settlers and enslaved persons, and explain how th...

Outline the major causes and events of the War of 1812.

Describe the causes of the Creek War within the context of the War of 1812 and explain the social, political, and econom...

Identify significant battles and leaders of the Creek War.

Explain how industry and agriculture expanded during the early twentieth century.

Describe how Alabamians contributed to the war effort during World War II.

Explain Alabama’s contributions to military production during World War II.

Locate military installations in Alabama during World War II on a map, including Redstone Arsenal, Camp Rucker (Fort Nov...

Explain how women and Black Alabamians sought and received new employment opportunities during World War II that were no...

Describe how the United States’ economy grew and American culture changed after World War II.

Identify Alabamians who contributed to the growth of American culture post-World War II into the 1970s.

Describe the decline of farming and the growth of urban areas in Alabama after World War II.

Outline key events and campaigns of the Civil Rights Movement and identify significant organizations and their contribut...

Describe ways in which the Civil Rights Movement sought to create change.

Trace the chronology of civil rights events in Alabama and across the nation, and summarize how they impacted one anothe...

Describe the contributions of Alabama leaders and foot soldiers of the Civil Rights Movement as well as other Alabamian ...

Summarize how opponents of the Civil Rights Movement in Alabama sought to limit its success.

Identify Alabamians who contributed to concurrent civil rights movements in the United States during the decades followi...

Summarize why the United States sought to contain communism during the Cold War, and locate major communist countries fr...

Describe how the United States’ involvement in the Cold War influenced domestic and international events.

Explain reasons for the United States’ involvement in the Korean War and Vietnam War and describe the involvement of Ala...

Describe how technological innovations boosted space exploration during the Space Race, including the role of Redstone A...

Trace the United States’ military involvement in international conflicts since 1980, including those following the Septe...

Research and report on Alabama’s economic contributions and participation in global markets from the mid-twentieth throu...

State and defend a position regarding the benefits and drawbacks of technological advancements in the late twentieth and...

Identify political achievements and legislation nationally and within Alabama that have furthered the modern civil right...

Summarize how important entrepreneurs and inventors shaped American society, and identify Alabamians who contributed to ...

Describe the emergence of new forms of economic activity in Alabama at the turn of the twentieth century, including the ...

Outline reasons for the growth of urban areas at the turn of the twentieth century, including Birmingham.

Describe Progressive Era political reforms in both the United States and Alabama.

Summarize how women in Alabama participated in the suffrage movement prior to the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendme...

Describe how the Populist Movement influenced the creation of the 1901 Alabama Constitution and explain the effects of i...

Identify and describe examples of prison reform, including the abolition of the convict-lease system and leadership of J...

Describe Progressive Era social reforms in both the United States and Alabama.

Explain how legislation, individuals, and groups extended educational opportunities in Alabama.

Summarize the role of labor unions and reformers in changing laws governing working conditions.

Summarize Helen Keller’s life and her contributions to disability rights.

Analyze the reasons for increased immigration to, and migration within, the United States and Alabama in the early twent...

Compare the experiences of immigrants who entered the United States through various ports of entry, including Ellis Isla...

Identify the economic and social conditions that led to the start of the Great Migration.

Summarize the primary causes and consequences of World War I.

Identify and explain international events that led to the United States’ entry into World War I.

Identify the countries of the Triple Entente and Central Powers during World War I and locate them on a map.

Describe the roles and contributions of Alabamians, including the 167th Infantry Regiment (4th Alabama), to the war effo...

Locate Alabama military training camps, ammunition depots, and the Port of Mobile on a map and explain their role in Wor...

Identify the contributions of Alabamians to sports, film, and the arts during the early twentieth century, the Harlem Re...

Explain how overcropping, the boll weevil, and low cotton prices affected farmers in Alabama.

Describe the economic developments in the United States during the Roaring Twenties that caused the 1929 stock market cr...

Explain how the Great Depression impacted Alabamians and the nation, including increased labor tensions.

Identify key characteristics of the Dust Bowl and the regions affected by it.

Analyze how the government-funded New Deal programs of President Franklin D. Roosevelt impacted American society.

Identify the contributions of reformers during the New Deal, including Alabama political and civic leaders.

Identify and describe New Deal projects that helped bring relief to Alabama.

Describe the reasons for the United States’ entry into World War II and identify its contributions toward the defeat of ...

Compare totalitarianism and democracy as represented in the Axis and Allied powers prior to war in Europe.

Explain the military contributions of Americans during World War II, including the achievements of the Tuskegee Airmen a...

Explain the significance of major events in the war, including Pearl Harbor, internment of Japanese-Americans, D-Day, th...

Describe major Indigenous societies in North America prior to European contact.

Explain how events and issues of the Critical Period (1783-1789) exposed limitations of the Articles of Confederation an...

Compare and contrast the division of power among levels of government in unitary, federal, and confederate styles of gov...

Describe how the Northwest Land Ordinances of 1785 and 1787 established a foundation for future territorial growth of th...

Identify innovative ideas for democratic governance and the expansion of citizen rights that were included in state cons...

Analyze how collaboration and compromise were employed to address key issues during the Constitutional Convention, inclu...

Describe the role of Founding Fathers at the Constitutional Convention and explain how they contributed to the developme...

Summarize the arguments favoring and opposing ratification of the Constitution of the United States.

Assess the arguments made by groups and individuals seeking greater inclusion and advancement of fundamental values in t...

Explain how forms of governments established prior to the founding of the United States influenced the formation of the ...

Describe how the Magna Carta, Petition of Right, and English Bill of Rights contributed to the development of limited go...

Compare and contrast how Enlightenment thinkers interpreted the purpose of government and the relationship between gover...

Develop an argument supporting the idea that the Iroquois Confederacy’s form of representative government influenced att...

Describe major ideas, concepts, and limitations of the Constitution of the United States.

Explain how a written constitution aids in establishing limited government and the rule of law.

Describe how the authors of the Constitution viewed the primary functions of government, based on the wording of the Pre...

Analyze key elements of the Constitution that deal with citizenship and civic participation, including the path to citiz...

Outline the process of selecting political leaders of the United States as established in the Constitution and its amend...

Explain how the system of federalism in the United States divides power between national and state governments as well a...

Summarize how federalism balances concerns regarding limiting a powerful national government, securing regional interest...

Compare duties and functions of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches at various levels of government.

Illustrate and explain the relationship among the three branches, including checks and balances and separation of powers...

Identify key positions in each branch and describe their responsibilities.

Explain key rights included in the Bill of Rights and provide examples of how citizens exercise these rights in today’s ...

Trace the origins of rights contained in the Bill of Rights to issues leading to the American Revolution and the concern...

Explain the significance of Marbury v. Madison (1803) in establishing judicial review by the Supreme Court.

Identify constitutional amendments that expanded political rights for citizens and describe the efforts of citizens to s...

Analyze how an individual’s civic participation can influence government, politics, and society.

Identify and describe ways citizens work together to influence the government and solve problems.

Differentiate between the requirements, responsibilities, and rights for citizenship in the United States.

Explain how an individual becomes a citizen of the United States, including birthright citizenship and naturalization, a...

Analyze the election and presidency of George Washington for its impact on establishing the role of president in the Uni...

Formulate and defend a position on the use of federal authority by Washington and his administration in response to the ...

Summarize the views Washington expressed in his Farewell Address regarding political factions, international relations, ...

Compare the political and social structures of Southeastern Woodland Indigenous peoples and those of another region of N...

Compare and contrast the reasons for British, French, and Spanish colonization in North America as well as why individua...

Trace the development of the Federalist and Democratic-Republican political parties in the 1790s, and describe the role ...

Describe Alexander Hamilton’s economic plan for the new United States and explain how this became the foundation of capi...

Compare the arguments for and against the establishment of the National Bank as represented by differing interpretations...

Compare Alexander Hamilton’s vision for an industrial United States to Thomas Jefferson’s agricultural vision.

Describe the significance of the Election of 1800 as setting the precedent for a peaceful transition of power and the el...

Summarize how the Crusades, Reformation, and Renaissance influenced European exploration and describe how individuals co...

Trace the routes of key European expeditions in North America and describe their effects on colonization in the New Worl...

Locate on a map of North America the areas of European colonization, including colonies of England, France, Russia, and ...

Describe the effects of European expeditions and colonization on the economic, geographic, and social conditions of Indi...

Summarize how interactions between colonists and Indigenous peoples resulted in both conflict and cooperation, including...

Compare and contrast the key characteristics, including political structures, of the New England, Middle, Chesapeake, an...

Explain how climate and geography shaped the economic identities of the colonial regions.

Differentiate among the various forms of colonial governments and identify examples of self-government in the colonies, ...

Identify individuals in colonial America who sought change for their communities, and describe how their efforts led to ...

Explain how the desire for religious freedom served as a motivation for establishing colonies.

Summarize efforts to limit religious freedom in the colonies.

Describe the contributions of colonists in bringing about religious change in colonial society.

Explain the influence of the Great Awakening on colonial society, including how it shaped the political beliefs of colon...

Trace the economic and cultural interactions across continents and the colonies resulting from the triangular trade rout...

Compare and contrast the institution of slavery in different colonial regions.

Summarize the purpose of slave codes in colonial society and explain how they demonstrated that laws can be discriminato...

Describe how enslaved people and abolitionists sought to oppose slavery in colonial America.

Identify causes and events leading to the War for Independence, including salutary neglect, the Stamp Act, the Boston Ma...

Develop an argument defending the belief that the French and Indian War served as a defining event in the relationship b...

Compare and contrast methods of colonial activism and protest against British policies, including boycotts, craftwork, l...

Describe the positive and negative effects of taxation and trade on the economic livelihood of American colonies in the ...

Summarize the arguments put forth by Patriots and Loyalists regarding the question of independence from Great Britain, a...

Define the key principles contained in the Declaration of Independence, including inalienable rights, equality, and soci...

Differentiate among the outcomes of major events and campaigns of the War for Independence, including the northern, midd...

Explain how the War for Independence created hardship and required sacrifice by colonists on the home front as well as b...

Research and report on the contributions to victory in the War for Independence from women, Black Americans, and support...

Explain the involvement of Indigenous peoples in the War for Independence and the effects of the war on Indigenous socie...

Explain why Loyalists and other colonists sided with the British during the War for Independence and how Great Britain’s...

Summarize the reasons for the colonies’ victory in the War for Independence.

Evaluate the political and military contributions to the American Revolution of Founding Fathers, including their effort...

Analyze how the Treaty of Paris of 1783 affected the development of the United States, including the establishment of it...

Describe the world in spatial terms, using maps and other geographic representations, tools, and geospatial technologies...

Describe cultural and economic characteristics of early Indigenous peoples in North and South America, including civiliz...

Identify locations and migration patterns of early Indigenous peoples on a map, including the Olmec and Woodland Period ...

Compare and contrast the development of agriculture in the Americas with agricultural practices in other early civilizat...

Describe how religion, architecture, and politics intersected in early Indigenous civilizations, including the Maya civi...

Trace the development and growth of societies in Southwest Asia, including the Assyrians, Phoenicians, and Persian Empir...

Analyze the development of civilization in South Asia from the settling of the Indus River Valley to the beginning of th...

Summarize how Hinduism as well as a caste system emerged from different religious beliefs and schools of philosophy.

Describe how geographic conditions in South Asia, including monsoons, and trade with neighboring regions contributed to ...

Trace the development of Buddhism, including the contributions of Emperor Ashoka, and explain how Buddhism influenced so...

Explain the emergence and consolidation of China from the Xia Dynasty along the Huang He River Valley through the fall o...

Compare and contrast the philosophies of Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism and explain how they influenced dynastic cyc...

Trace the reunification of China from the Warring States period and the Qin Dynasty which led to China’s Golden Age unde...

Describe the significance of Chinese technological advancements, including paper, gunpowder, the compass, and the seismo...

Analyze how the establishment of the Silk Road fostered economic and cultural development across multiple continents.

Summarize cultural contributions and legacies of Classical Greece, including architecture, arts, intellectual life, lite...

Explain the development of the polis and analyze how geography affected the process, including Athens and Sparta.

Trace the development of Greek city-states' political systems, including democracy, that influenced the governments of m...

Explain the influence of philosophers on Greek society, culture, and politics as well as their influence on modern thoug...

Analyze the internal and external conflicts that played a role in Classical Greek society.

Describe the influence of Alexander the Great’s empire, including the establishment of Hellenistic kingdoms, the diffusi...

Outline the key geographic, political, economic, and cultural elements of the Roman Republic.

Trace the growth of the Roman Republic, using a variety of thematic and political maps.

Explain the social and cultural outcomes of economic activities within the Mediterranean region, including the establish...

Analyze the social, political, and economic effects of the Punic Wars.

Summarize the influence of Roman legal and political systems on later societies.

Describe the internal and external factors that led to the eventual collapse of the Roman Republic.

Trace the development of the Roman Empire, including the actions of Julius Caesar and the reigns of Augustus Caesar and ...

Explain Rome’s shift from Republic to Empire, including economic, political, and geographic causes.

Describe the founding and development of Christianity, including the roles of Jesus of Nazareth and Paul of Tarsus, and ...

Summarize the economic, political, and social factors that led to the split and eventual fall of the Western Roman Empir...

Explain and demonstrate the use of map essentials, including direction, distance, legend, latitude, longitude, map type,...

Use physical, political, and special-purpose maps to identify the distribution of people, location of places, and classi...

Utilize maps to explain relationships among people and places, including governmental alliances, immigration patterns, a...

Describe how geographic features and political entities are organized and labeled, including continents, countries, and ...

Analyze how human interaction with the environment, location, movement, place, and region affect cultural, economic, and...

Analyze how historians organize human history and events, including the use of calendars.

Describe multiple methods for organizing and labeling periods of time, including differentiating between the BC/AD and B...

Explain how artifacts and other archaeological findings provide evidence of the nature and movement of prehistoric group...

Differentiate among primary, secondary, and tertiary sources in how they are used to study both history and geography.

Use maps to identify how climate and weather patterns, including the Ice Ages, affect the ways humans adapt within diffe...

Predict causes and consequences of human migration, including push and pull factors.

Explain common patterns that emerged in the shift from hunter-gatherer societies to permanent settlements in different r...

Analyze the influence of physical geography on the locations of the early agrarian societies, including the early river ...

Describe the settlement patterns, shift in gender roles, and job specialization associated with the development of agrar...

Describe the agricultural innovations that developed as a result of the Neolithic Revolution, including the domesticatio...

Explain how technological innovations and the geographic features of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers contributed to the ...

Describe how agriculture, domestication of animals, inventions, irrigation, metalsmithing, and mining contributed to the...

Analyze how advancements in agriculture in Sumer led to economic growth, expansion of trade and transportation, and the ...

Summarize the cultural and political innovations of Mesopotamia, including The Epic of Gilgamesh and Hammurabi's Code.

Analyze the economic, political, and social structures of ancient Egypt.

Describe the role of the Nile River and Mediterranean Sea in supporting the economic and cultural growth of ancient Egyp...

Identify major technological and artistic achievements of ancient Egypt.

Summarize the social structure and religious beliefs of ancient Egypt.

Describe the achievement of key leaders of ancient Egypt and how these achievements helped grow the kingdom.

Explain the geographic and cultural development of ancient Israel.

Identify the central tenets of Judaism, and compare Judaism to the polytheistic religions of other Mediterranean ancient...

Describe the establishment of a unified Israel under Kings Saul, David, and Solomon.

Outline the multiple exiles of the Jewish people and their return to Israel, from the establishment of the nation throug...

Compare and contrast the economic and cultural structures of early African societies.

Explain how physical geography, including natural resources, contributed to the economic and cultural practices of early...

Describe common tenets of indigenous religion practiced in Africa, including the beliefs of the Ashanti, Dogon, and Igbo...

Describe how trade, including silent barter, facilitated exchange of economic practices, language, and culture across Af...

Analyze the economic, political, and social consequences of the collapse of the Western Roman Empire.

Analyze the factors that contributed to the Reformation and explain how it affected the religious and political unity of...

Summarize the policies and practices within the Roman Catholic Church that led to conflict with both religious reformers...

Describe the political, religious, and social contributions of reformers in Europe, including Martin Luther and John Cal...

Summarize responses to the Reformation, including the Counter-Reformation, English Reformation, and religious conflicts,...

Explain the motivations for exploration by European nations.

Summarize how expanding knowledge of geographical features and the development of navigational technology contributed to...

Explain the economic, political, and religious factors that fostered exploration, including mercantilism.

Analyze the consequences of initial contact between Europeans and Indigenous peoples in the Americas.

Describe the Columbian Exchange and its contributions to cultural, demographic, economic, and environmental changes arou...

Trace the cultural, economic, and political effects of European colonization on the populations of Africa, the Americas,...

Explain how the desire for cheap labor led to the enslavement and decline of the Indigenous populations in the Americas.

Analyze the economic, political, and social effects of the transatlantic slave trade on African societies and American c...

Describe the conditions and treatment of enslaved Africans during the Middle Passage and in the Americas.

Summarize the rise of absolutism and explain how absolute monarchy differed from governing practices in Europe before th...

Explain how the Thirty Years’ War and the Peace of Westphalia led to the rise of absolutism.

Analyze the rise of absolutism in France under Louis XIV, including the divine right of kings.

Describe how the development of absolutism affected governments in Russia and Prussia under the reigns of Peter the Grea...

Summarize the influence of the Ottoman Empire on the political landscape of European monarchies.

Analyze the development of parliamentary and constitutional government in England.

Compare and contrast the political philosophies of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke.

Summarize how major provisions in the Petition of Right and the English Bill of Rights influenced early forms of constit...

Describe the governing policies in East Asia during the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries, including thos...

Trace the rise of militarism in Japan and explain how it led to the invasion of Korea.

Explain the effects of religion on Japanese society and politics.

Compare the policies of absolutism and social structures of the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan to European monarchies.

Describe how political changes in China led to the decline of imperial power from the Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qin...

Analyze the influence of the Scientific Revolution on European religion and society, including the astronomical theories...

Explain the significance of the development of the scientific method and its implications for new discoveries and ideas.

Summarize the main ideas of the Enlightenment and describe their emergence in European society.

Trace the origins of Enlightenment ideas to earlier eras and movements, including Classical Greece and Rome, Christianit...

Trace the spread of Christianity in Europe and the wider Mediterranean region and outline the organizational structure o...

Explain the rise of Germanic kingdoms, the migration of their peoples, and the effect on political boundaries in Europe.

Describe the Byzantine Empire, its institutions, and its legacy.

Identify factors leading to the separation of Eastern Orthodoxy and Western Christianity and explain how the Orthodox Ch...

Evaluate the cultural contributions of the Byzantines to art, religion, and architecture.

Analyze the influence of the Code of Justinian on modern legal codes.

Trace and analyze the spread of Islam through the Mediterranean region under the caliphs from 632 to 1258, including the...

Outline the founding and development of Islam under Muhammad.

Differentiate among the Islamic sects that developed after the death of Muhammad.

Analyze the influence of Islamic cultural, economic, and political systems in Africa, Arabia, and Europe.

Compare and contrast the cultural, economic, geographic, and political structures of the civilizations of medieval Asia,...

Explain China’s influence on other civilizations in Asia.

Describe how the Mongols influenced the cultural, economic, and social landscape of Asia.

Analyze the evolution of religion in Asia, including the growth of Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism.

Trace the development of the feudal structure of medieval Japan, including the establishment of the Shogunate by Minamot...

Compare the African kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai, including cultures, economic systems, geography, religions, an...

Describe how physical geography shaped the growth of medieval African kingdoms and trade with neighboring regions.

Trace the spread of culture, language, and religion among African civilizations.

Evaluate the economic and cultural contributions of key leaders and trade centers in African kingdoms, including Mansa M...

Describe key aspects and figures of Indigenous societies during the Postclassic Period in Mesoamerica and the Andean reg...

Analyze how geographic and environmental factors led to the location and growth of Indigenous societies.

Describe technological and engineering achievements of Indigenous societies.

Explain how religious beliefs and practices shaped culture in Indigenous societies.

Outline the social, cultural, economic, and religious developments of early medieval Europe.

Compare and contrast the growth of medieval societies in different geographic regions of Europe.

Analyze the relationship of the Catholic Church to economic, political, and social systems and rulers in medieval Europe...

Explain the significant economic, political, and social aspects of European feudalism.

Analyze the effects of political events in Europe during the Middle Ages, including the coronation of Charlemagne, the N...

Summarize the significance of the issuing of the Magna Carta in limiting royal power and establishing the rule of law.

Analyze the social, political, and economic changes leading up to the Renaissance and Reformation in later medieval Euro...

Explain the political and cultural consequences of the Crusades, the Reconquista, the Spanish Inquisition, and the estab...

Trace the spread of the bubonic plague from Asia to Europe and describe the resulting changes that occurred in Europe, i...

Describe the role of women in society and politics in medieval Europe, citing the contributions of significant women of ...

Describe cultural and economic developments in Italy and Northern Europe during the Renaissance, including the influence...

Analyze humanism and the contributions of philosophers and artists during the Renaissance.

Summarize major scientific and technological advancements in the Renaissance, including the printing press, and evaluate...

Identify the location of Alabama’s major geographic regions and describe the characteristics that distinguish them from ...

Develop an argument regarding the impact of the Creek Wars and Native American removal on the settlement of Alabama.

Outline Alabama’s participation in events leading to the Civil War and in the war itself, and explain how the war create...

Describe how secession fostered division and led to conflict in the northern half of the state.

Explain the significance of Montgomery as the first capital of the Confederate States of America, and summarize reasons ...

Assess the impacts of the Civil War on Alabama’s economy and infrastructure, and identify battles and campaigns that aff...

Compare and contrast how the Civil War affected the lives of different groups of Alabamians, including enslaved people a...

Explain the role of Alabamians in helping achieve victory in the Spanish American War, World War I, and World War II.

Summarize the legacy of Alabama-based military units, their performance, and their contributions to battle, including th...

Describe the mobilization of Alabama industries and people on the home front during World War I and World War II.

Evaluate the ways in which Alabamians and Alabama military installations supported American interests during military co...

Explain how emancipation and Reconstruction produced both an expansion of rights and freedoms and a backlash against thi...

Trace the history of Black institutions in Alabama from their establishment during Reconstruction to the present.

Evaluate the role of new labor systems, Black Codes, and violence in stemming civil rights progress following Reconstruc...

Evaluate the extent to which civil rights reformers in Alabama at the turn of the twentieth century successfully challen...

Describe the role of women reformers in promoting reform, including Margaret Murray Washington and Julia Tutwiler.

Explain the role of individuals and communities in helping to expand educational and entrepreneurial opportunities for B...

Explain how major Alabama civil rights campaigns brought about federal action and the resulting expansion of civil and h...

Describe how civil rights campaigns in Alabama were led by a coalition of local, grassroots organizations and national c...

Identify ways in which opponents of the Civil Rights Movement in Alabama sought to limit its success.

Identify civil rights leaders and foot soldiers in Alabama, and explain their contributions to fostering change in the s...

Explain the contributions of civil rights tourism to Alabama’s modern-day economy.

Summarize the creation and composition of the Alabama Constitution of 1901 and formulate an argument for constitutional ...

Describe the relationship between Alabama’s state government and local governments, considering the concept of home rule...

Summarize how the geography and biodiversity of Alabama formed and evolved during the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic ...

Explain how Alabama’s geography contributes to the biodiversity of the state.

Compare and contrast the roles of statewide elected officials, including the governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of...

Describe the state court system in Alabama, and explain how the election of judges in Alabama differs from the appointme...

Differentiate among the types of state bureaucratic bodies in Alabama, including commissions, boards, and agencies.

Research and report on significant political figures in Alabama history who have shaped the state and nation through the...

Explain the interrelationship among geography, natural resources, and the development of Alabama’s economy from the earl...

Describe ways in which Alabama’s geography contributes to the state’s present-day tourism industry.

Evaluate the extent to which agriculture and natural resources remain a significant component of Alabama’s modern econom...

Analyze the influence of federal spending on the growth of Alabama’s economy from the New Deal to the present.

Describe the impact of World War I and World War II on industrialization and urbanization in Alabama.

Develop an argument supporting or denying the premise that globalization has benefited Alabama’s economy since the 1990s...

Explain the role of Alabama in the global economy based on its major imports and exports.

Describe the demographic characteristics of Alabama’s population, and explain how both historic and current migration pa...

Explain how Alabama’s location creates potential weather threats to the state and identify ways in which Alabamians prep...

Describe the cultures, economies, and governments of the first Indigenous peoples to inhabit Alabama.

Identify the locations of the major Native American tribes of Alabama during the colonial period into the nineteenth cen...

Compare and contrast the major Native American tribes in Alabama of the colonial period and nineteenth century.

Outline the chronology of Alabama’s colonial history, identifying the shifting claims by imperial powers and Indigenous ...

Explain the impact of “Alabama Fever” on the settlement of Alabama and the growth of agriculture and slavery in the terr...

Outline the chronology of Alabama’s path to statehood in the early nineteenth century, including the shifting of capital...

Explain how cultural, geographic, political, and social points of view can influence media descriptions of current inter...

Explain how scientific and technological changes impact the worldwide economy and the process of globalization.

Evaluate the positive and negative impacts of scientific and technological changes on society and on the environment.

Identify and describe strategies that facilitate public discussion on current events.

Research a current world issue or conflict and present information regarding its effects on the quality of life for indi...

Construct a possible solution to a global issue or conflict.

Describe means of implementing a possible solution to a global issue, analyzing its benefits and costs.

Compare and contrast how several sources cover the same events and explain how their varied perspectives influence audie...

Describe the impact of current news stories and the issues they present on the individual and on local, national, and in...

Relate current news stories to past events and broader historical trends.

Locate on a map the areas affected by events reported in national and international news stories.

Compare the presentation of world events in various media, including cable news services, international news sources, In...

Explain how to determine the reliability of news stories and their sources.

Describe the use and misuse of different media platforms, including the use of social media and artificial intelligence ...

Critique viewpoints presented in cable news commentary, editorials, political cartoons, and social media algorithms.

Explain how public opinion polling is implemented, and describe how polling methods can produce intentional and unintent...

Interpret statistics included in current news stores related to political, social, and economic issues.

Compare and contrast the functions and powers of United States government entities which shape official responses to int...

Explain how foreign policy is created, how it can be influenced, and how it can be limited.

Describe the various roles and functions of the modern American military.

Describe the roles of international governmental organizations (IGOs) and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in addres...

Explain the structure and roles of the United Nations and its specialized agencies and programs.

Explain the benefits and limitations of non-government entities resolving international events and crises.

Evaluate the extent to which nations have successfully collaborated to achieve broad international goals, citing specifi...

Describe the functions of modern-day alliance systems, regional organizations, and multinational corporations and cartel...

Outline the causes and progressions of current conflicts around the world, including interstate, intrastate, and extrast...

Investigate and explain how individuals and non-governmental groups may cause or perpetuate conflict, citing specific ca...

Formulate possible means to prevent and resolve modern conflicts.

Draw conclusions about the effects of conflicts on populations.

Identify and analyze recent incidents of human rights abuse across the world, utilizing a variety of sources.

Compare the individual rights, opportunities, and privileges of United States citizens to those of citizens of other cou...

Describe key rights and beliefs related to human rights as embedded in the Declaration of Independence, Geneva Conventio...

Critique how countries and international organizations respond to human rights violations, giving examples from recent h...

Evaluate the impact of economic globalization on worldwide trends and on individual nations and regions.

Identify recurring historical patterns in economic development around the world.

Describe the costs and benefits of trade among nations in an interdependent world.

Compare ways in which different countries address individual needs, national economic problems, and social issues.

Investigate and share information on how scarcity can impact factors of production and the decision-making of individual...

Analyze the factors that determine and shape a country’s standard of living.

Explain how the relationship between inputs and outputs is used to calculate productivity at various levels of the econo...

Explain how investments in education, equipment, factories, healthcare, new technology, and training promote economic gr...

Research and share information on how Alabama and the United States relate to the global economy in terms of current tec...

Explain why individuals, businesses, and nations engage in trading goods and services in the global economy.

Contrast absolute advantage to comparative advantage, and explain how they are used to measure gains from trade.

Locate and utilize current economic data to demonstrate how changes in exchange rates impact the purchasing power of ind...

Analyze why countries sometimes impose trade barriers and sometimes engage in free trade.

Construct and explain examples of specialization and exchange.

Explain the relationship between scarcity as a basic condition of economics and the decision-making needed to allocate l...

Explain how land (natural resource), labor (human resource), capital (physical or human resource), and entrepreneurship ...

Compare marginal benefits and marginal costs of an action, using rational decision-making.

Analyze how changes in opportunity costs impact the rational decision-making of individuals, businesses, and governments...

Illustrate and explain how rational decision-making involves the consideration of trade-offs and opportunity costs.

Compare the methods that various economic systems use to allocate goods and services.

Describe the key elements of command, market, and mixed economic systems.

Research and share information illustrating how different economic systems answer the basic economic questions of what t...

Compare the ways that different economic systems address competition, consumer sovereignty, government regulation, priva...

Draw conclusions about how supply, demand, and price interact in a market economy.

Utilize circular flow diagrams to illustrate and explain the operation of the product market; the operation of the facto...

Apply the law of supply and demand to everyday consumer and business decisions.

Explain how prices serve as incentives in a market economy, and how factors other than price cause changes in supply and...

Illustrate and explain how supply and demand determine equilibrium price and quantity and how price movements eliminate ...

Compare and contrast types of business firms, including sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations.

Evaluate the role of profit as an incentive for short- and long-term decisions by corporations, partnerships, and sole p...

Distinguish among the levels of competition that exist in market and mixed economic systems, including pure competition,...

Research and present information on the role and impact of economic institutions on state and national economies, includ...

Analyze data to describe the shifting demographics of the labor force of the United States in the twentieth and twenty-f...

Explain how the characteristics of the labor force influence wages and non-wage benefits and affect economic growth.

Explain how the supply and demand of labor influence wage and non-wage benefits and affect economic growth.

Analyze the role of government in a market economy.

Research and explain ways the government influences the economy, including promoting and securing competition, protectin...

Assess how government regulation and deregulation affect consumers and producers.

Explain how the budgetary categories of government revenue and expenditures impact the collection of taxes and the distr...

Explain how economic measurements, including the Consumer Price Index (CPI), the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), inflation...

Analyze how spending and production decisions made by households, businesses, and government determine overall levels of...

Compare and contrast structural, cyclical, and frictional unemployment.

Describe the stages of the business cycle and explain how employment and inflation change during those stages.

Explain how unemployment and inflation affect individuals and nations, citing specific examples.

Explain how fiscal and monetary policy influence price stability, employment, and economic growth, citing examples from ...

Explain how the United States Federal Reserve System regulates the banking system and uses its tools of monetary policy ...

Describe how Congress and state legislatures use fiscal policy to achieve their economic, social, and political goals, i...

Correlate fluctuations in government deficits over time to the extent of national debt during those periods.

Differentiate among types of charts, graphs, infographics, and maps, and explain how different types of these illustrate...

Describe patterns of settlement in different regions of the world.

Evaluate the impact of long-term climate shifts and resource usage on human migration and settlement patterns.

Analyze how the economic and cultural activities of urban places shape surrounding regions.

Explain how urban sprawl affects a city, the communities around it, and the natural environment.

Explain how interaction between people and the environment affects culture in today's society.

Explain how resource availability and cultural practices influence agricultural methods, crop selection, and land-use pa...

Describe how cultural diffusion and changes in technology have advanced agricultural methods over time.

Explain how economic interdependence and globalization impact countries and their populations.

Trace the flow of commodities among regions of the world, explaining why patterns develop and identifying factors that m...

Explain the advantages and disadvantages of global trade agreements for both people and countries.

Explain what constitutes a region and analyze relationships between regions.

Research spatial patterns of world populations to discern population distribution and explain reasons for these patterns...

Identify the characteristics, diffusion, distribution, and complexity of Earth's cultural mosaics.

Identify and describe essential aspects of culture, including architecture, art, belief systems, customs, food, language...

Differentiate between material and nonmaterial culture within a society, including folk customs.

Explain how music, dance, fashion, and art provide avenues for understanding the cultures from which they originate, bot...

Explain how the cultural landscape of a region reflects cultural traits, economic status, and preferences of its inhabit...

Distinguish among various types of architecture based on their function, and explain how these may differ between rural ...

Explain the extent and forms of linguistic distribution around the world.

Identify the world's most widely spoken languages and trace their origins and development.

Develop an argument supporting the position that linguistic diversity creates both cultural richness and conflict.

Describe ways religion influences cultures, citing examples from around the globe.

Identify major religions, their places of origin, and areas of expansion.

Compare and contrast ceremonies based on religious traditions in a variety of cultures, including marriages, funerals, a...

Explain how religion influences political views around the world.

Compare and contrast the roles of men and women in societies around the world, including matrilineal and patrilineal soc...

Identify and explain world migration patterns caused by forced displacement throughout history.

Explain the causes and effects of the migration of various ethnic groups to the United States.

Explain the causes and consequences of migration within the United States, citing historical examples.

Defend the definition of the Holocaust as the planned and systematic state-sponsored persecution and murder of European ...

Summarize the German T4 (“euthanasia”) Program, including its origins and purposes, and explain how it contributed to th...

Summarize the events leading to the outbreak of World War II and how Germany’s actions violated the Treaty of Versailles...

Analyze Hitler’s motivations for the annexations of Austria and the Sudetenland and the invasion of Poland.

Evaluate the significance of the German invasion of the Soviet Union and how the “Commissar Order” reflected an extensio...

Explain how killing squads, including the Einsatzgruppen, conducted mass shooting operations in Eastern Europe with the ...

Locate on a map the Einsatzgruppen killing sites in Eastern Europe.

Explain why the Nazis established ghettos.*

Identify tactics utilized by the Nazis to control, isolate, and weaken Jewish people in the ghettos.

Describe Jewish life in the ghettos, including means of resistance.

Locate major ghettos and explain the significance of these sites.

Identify and summarize the key characteristics of the Final Solution, and describe how it was driven by Nazi ideology.*

Explain the purpose and scope of the Wannsee Conference in 1942.

Differentiate among the types of camps utilized by the Nazis, including their origins, purposes, and the conditions asso...

Outline the arrival, selection, and process components of a prisoner’s entry into a camp.*

Describe daily life in the camps, including means of resistance.

Locate major camps and explain their significance.*

Critique the role that bystanders, collaborators, and perpetrators played in the implementation of Nazi policies against...

Analyze how corporate complicity aided Nazi goals.*

Assess the effectiveness of different armed and unarmed resistance efforts in Europe from 1933 to 1945, including indivi...

Explain how and why Jewish partisans undertook armed resistance against the Germans and their Axis partners.

Critique the responses considered by the Roosevelt administration and the United States military to the suffering of Eur...

Evaluate American and Allied officials’ knowledge of and response to the Final Solution.

Explain the role of the United States military in liberating concentration camps.

Identify the locations of concentration camps liberated by American, British, and Red Army soldiers.

Explain the purpose of the Death Marches.

Evaluate the effect of Nazi policies on other groups targeted by the government of Nazi Germany, including the Roma, Sin...

Outline the chronology of the Allied advance into Germany and the German surrender.

Explain the origins and history of antisemitism.*

Describe the experience of Holocaust survivors and other displaced persons following World War II.*

Research and report on the lives of Holocaust survivors who settled in Alabama after World War II.

Evaluate the extent to which the legal responses, including the Nuremberg Trials, held Nazi officials to account for war...

Assess the contributions of Supreme Court Justice Robert Jackson and the arguments he made as Chief Prosecutor for the U...

Analyze the influence of the Holocaust on the drafting and substance of the 1948 United Nations Declaration of Human Rig...

Explain the effects of the Adolf Eichmann trial in 1961 on policy concerning crimes against humanity, capital punishment...

Develop an argument regarding the need for education about the Holocaust and how museums, memorials, and organizations c...

Differentiate between the concepts of genocide and mass atrocity.*

Analyze the causes and effects of modern-day genocides, and identify the groups involved.

Explain how the concepts of personal and civic responsibility have evolved following the Holocaust.*

Identify core practices and tenets within historical and modern Judaism and analyze the historical and modern antisemiti...

Analyze how the Nazi regime utilized and built on historical antisemitism to cast the Jewish people as a common enemy.*

Trace the intensification of antisemitism in the United States during the early twentieth century.

Describe cultural, economic, and social aspects of pre-war Jewish life in Europe and explain how these aspects differed ...

Locate on a map pre-war centers of Jewish life, including shtetls, in Europe in the late nineteenth and early twentieth ...

Outline the historical events that allowed for the breakdown of democracy in Germany from 1929 to 1939.*

Analyze the Treaty of Versailles as a causal factor for the rise of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazi P...

Describe the Weimar Republic and the fragility of its democracy, and explain why Adolf Hitler was able to come to power....

Explain how the Nazi Party grew into a mass movement that gained and maintained power in Germany through totalitarian me...

Describe how the Nazis utilized various forms of propaganda, including education and youth programs, to indoctrinate the...

Evaluate the Nazis’ propaganda efforts regarding the 1936 Berlin Olympics, and describe how the performance of Jesse Owe...

Analyze how the Schutzstaffel (SS) and the Gestapo broke resistance and instilled fear within Germany and in Nazi-occupi...

Explain why many Germans were actively drawn to Nazi ideology.

Explain how Nazis’ racial beliefs were representative of their overall worldview.*

Describe the concept of the “Aryan Race” in Nazi ideology.

Analyze the Nazis’ pursuit of racial purity, including sterilization and other eugenics practices.

Assess how the Nazis’ antisemitism and racial beliefs influenced their foreign policy.*

Describe how Jewish life deteriorated under the Third Reich in Germany and its annexed territories from 1933 to 1938.*

Explain the motivations behind the boycott of Jewish businesses and Nazi book burnings.

Evaluate the effects of the Nuremberg Laws on Jewish life in Germany.*

Assess the main purposes of the Nazi antisemitic laws and policies and explain how they evolved over time.*

Assess how German Jews reacted to increasing exclusion and isolation in German society between 1933 and 1939 and describ...

Analyze the causes and effects of the November pogrom (Kristallnacht) and how it transitioned the Nazis’ antisemitic act...

Assess how the destruction of Jewish cultural and religious institutions affected German Jews.

Critique American and world responses to the November pogrom (Kristallnacht) and the persecution of Jews in Germany and ...

Describe how Jewish immigration was perceived and restricted by various nations from 1933 to 1939.*

Describe the difficulties European Jewish refugees faced when attempting to emigrate to the United States, Canada, and L...

Evaluate the extent to which Americans were aware of Nazi antisemitic and racial policies and the Holocaust through the ...

Describe how Alabamians responded to Nazi persecution of the Jews in Europe.*

Describe how a selected historical subject is currently remembered or regarded, explaining how historical memory contrib...

Identify and explain examples of how the historical subject is currently represented.

Explain factors that have influenced or shaped how the historical subject is viewed in modern day.

Analyze secondary sources related to the selected topic in history.

Describe the strengths and limitations of different types of secondary sources for providing insight into the selected h...

Explain how a historian constructs a viewpoint on a historical subject.

Apply the concept of historiography through contrasting how various historians have interpreted the historical subject.

Explain how historic preservation has been or can be used to impact historical memory of the subject.

Describe different methods of historical preservation, and identify examples of these methods.

Locate and utilize a variety of primary sources related to the selected historical subject.

Describe methods for collecting primary source evidence.

Compare and contrast the types of evidence provided by various primary sources.

Describe the strengths and limitations of different types of primary sources for providing insight into the selected his...

Differentiate between primary and secondary sources on the subject and evaluate the quality of evidence each type yields...

Compare historical methods utilized for research and evaluate how these methods yield information regarding the selected...

Construct and refine a research question to address an aspect of the subject that is not well-known or has not been wide...

Utilize various historical methods to acquire information on the selected subject and relate findings to the research qu...

Compare historical evidence to previous interpretations and corroborate salient facts and theories.

Present and defend the results of their interpretations and conclusions.

Describe ways in which public historians present history to audiences.

Evaluate the effectiveness of different methods of presenting historical findings to an audience.

Trace the development of psychology as a scientific discipline, including its evolution from other fields of study.*

Explain the importance and processes of memory, including how information is encoded and stored, the use of mnemonic dev...

Compare ways memories are stored in the brain, including episodic and procedural, and explain how information is retriev...

Describe ways in which organisms learn, including the processes of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and obs...

Identify and describe unconditioned stimuli, conditioned stimuli, unconditioned responses, and conditioned responses.

Explain the law of effect, and differentiate between reinforcement and punishment, positive and negative reinforcement, ...

Describe original experiments conducted by Albert Bandura, B. F. Skinner, Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, Kenneth and Mamie...

Explain processes involved in problem-solving and decision-making, including cognitive processes related to thinking and...

Explain the role of mental images and verbal symbols in the thought process.

Describe methods of assessing individual differences and theories of intelligence, including Charles E. Spearman's gener...

Describe different types of intelligence tests and explain the Flynn effect.

Summarize concerns regarding the reliability and validity of intelligence test scores and describe the historical use an...

Explain the role of personality development in human behavior and differentiate among theories that seek to explain this...

Describe different measures of personality, including the Neuroticism-Extroversion-Openness Personality Inventory (NEO-P...

Explain the role of motivation and emotion in human behavior.*

Describe theories that explain how biological, cognitive, and social factors influence motivation, including Abraham Mas...

Describe situational cues that cause emotions, including anger, curiosity, and anxiety.

Describe major psychological disorders and their treatments and explain how examples of abnormal behavior differ from no...

Describe various approaches for explaining mental illness, including biological and medical, cognitive, and sociocultura...

Differentiate among types of mental illness, including mood, anxiety, somatoform, schizophrenic, dissociative, and perso...

Describe how attitudes, conditions of obedience and conformity, and other influences affect actions and shape human beha...

Critique the ethical issues found in Stanley Milgram's work with obedience and S. E. Asch's work with conformity.

Summarize ways to promote psychological wellness.*

Identify sources of stress across the human lifespan and explain the physiological and psychological consequences of str...

Explain physiological, cognitive, and behavioral strategies to deal with stress, and contrast positive and negative ways...

Describe different types of biomedical and psychological treatments for mental disorders.

Explain how mental health professionals determine the appropriate treatment from the variety of psychological treatments...

Identify differences among licensed mental health providers and outline legal and ethical requirements for mental health...

Explain the significance of Wyatt v. Stickney (1972) and explain how the Wyatt Standards improved mental health codes an...

Investigate and describe the history of psychology from its beginning to the modern era, including key contributors to t...

Differentiate among various schools of thought and perspectives that have developed in psychology since 1879.*

Describe how modern psychologists utilize multiple perspectives to understand behavior and mental processes, citing exam...

Describe methodologies, research tools, and strategies used by researchers in psychological studies.*

Contrast the roles of independent, dependent, and confounding variables and the functions of control and experimental gr...

Identify and explain systematic procedures necessary for conducting an experiment and improving the validity of results....

Describe the role of the American Psychological Association in setting ethical guidelines regarding the use of human and...

Describe various careers pursued by psychologists, including medical and mental health care fields, the business world, ...

Compare the effects of heredity and environment on development and behavior.*

Describe the structure, biochemistry, and circuitry of the brain and nervous system, and explain their roles in human be...

Describe communication between neurons and the electrochemical process, including the role of neurotransmitters in behav...

Explain the effect of neurotransmitters on human behavior and compare the effects of drugs and toxins on the brain.

Describe the specialized and interdependent functions of sections of the brain, including the lobes and hemispheres of t...

Describe technologies used to study the brain and nervous system.*

Explain how psychoactive drugs affect people, including the mechanisms of addiction, tolerance, and withdrawal.

Explain how behavior genetics has contributed to the understanding of behavior and mental processes, including different...

Describe the interconnected processes of sensation and perception.

Explain the role of sensory systems in human behavior.

Explain how perceiving can differ from sensing, including how attention and environmental cues can impact what is percei...

Explain perception in terms of Gestalt principles and concepts.

Compare theories about the functions of sleep and of dreaming.

Describe cognitive, physical, and social development across the human lifespan, citing theories of Carol Gilligan, Erik ...

Describe the development of sociology as a social science field of study.*

Explain the relationship between social stratification and social class, including status ascription versus achievement,...

Identify common patterns of social stratification in American society.

Analyze the impact of social stratification on groups and individuals.*

Explain why social movements form, and identify the factors that produce large-scale social change as a result of these ...

Compare and contrast the major theories of collective behavior, including contagion theory, convergence theory, and emer...

Describe how social movements, including the Civil Rights Movement, have created change throughout the history of the Un...

Explain the role of social institutions in fostering change and reinforcing stratification.*

Explain the contributions of important figures in the field of sociology, including Émile Durkheim, George Herbert Mead,...

Identify and explain tenets of sociology, including functional integration, power, social action, social structure, and ...

Explain methods and tools of research used by sociologists.*

Differentiate between qualitative and quantitative research methods, giving examples of each.*

Explain the usefulness of discerning and sharing insights into human behavior of individuals and groups.*

Compare and contrast the three major sociological theories: functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interaction.*

Apply the major sociological theories to a situation and evaluate the differences in interpretations.

Explain how values and norms influence individual behavior.*

Describe ways in which cultures differ, change, and resist change, including countercultures, subcultures, and ethnocent...

Illustrate and explain key concepts and goals of socialization, including self-concept, looking-glass self, significant ...

Describe the major agents of socialization and evaluate the role that each one plays.*

Compare and contrast the phases of development in the human life cycle, including birth, childhood, adolescence, adultho...

Explain the value of utilizing birth cohorts as a research device.

Differentiate among primary, secondary, and adult socialization and identify the key influences of socialization for eac...

Investigate and explain the impact of psychological theories that influence sociology, including Erikson’s Psychosocial ...

Identify and describe human behaviors that deviate from social norms.*

Analyze deviance from each of the three sociological perspectives (interactionist, functional, and conflict).

Trace how society has reacted to deviant behaviors throughout history and explain the theoretical principles of punishme...

Analyze how different types of social groups can influence individual and group behavior.*

Compare and contrast types of groups and the reasons for group formation.*

Trace the development of various types of social groups from hunter-gatherer societies to the present day and explain ho...

Explain the purpose of social systems and institutions, including governments, houses of worship, schools, and voluntary...

Compare how authority is perceived in legitimate power and coercive power leadership styles.*

Differentiate among Weber’s three types of authority (charismatic, rational-legal, and traditional) in respect to source...

Describe the structure and function of family units, including traditional, extended, nuclear, single-parent, and blende...

Compare and contrast biological family with found or chosen family and develop an argument regarding why a person may se...

Trace the events from 1754 to 1783 that led to the independence of the United States of America.

Trace the evolution and expansion of abolitionism, examining the contributions of key abolitionist figures and analyzing...

Describe forms of resistance to slavery demonstrated by enslaved and free Black Americans, and assess the impact of resi...

Describe the rise of religious opposition to slavery during the Second Great Awakening, including the objections of Quak...

Identify leading abolitionists, including Frederick Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison, and summarize the arguments the...

Evaluate how the Underground Railroad and its leaders shaped the national discussion over slavery, including the passage...

Analyze how government policies and events related to slavery led to increased sectionalism throughout the United States...

Summarize major legislation and court decisions from 1820 to 1861 that sought to address the issue of slavery, and descr...

Develop an argument to show how the causes and consequences of the Texas Revolution and Mexican-American War escalated s...

Describe how Alabamians were impacted by growing sectionalism from 1832 to 1861, including the reliance on cotton and sl...

Analyze the effect of sectionalism and debate over slavery on United States political parties in the 1850s and how this ...

Explain the progression of the Civil War, analyzing the events and the decisions by key figures that led to United State...

Compare the military strategy, leadership, and resources of the United States and the Confederate States of America, and...

Summarize the political, social, and economic role that Alabama played in the Civil War.

Describe the social, economic, and political conditions that affected citizens during the Civil War and explain how both...

Summarize the effects of technological and scientific advancements of the mid-1800s on the strategy, battlefield tactics...

Trace the progression of emancipation during and after the Civil War, including the effects of self-emancipation, the Em...

Evaluate how Reconstruction affected the economic, political, and social landscape of the South.

Describe the roles of key groups in seeking to influence or resist economic, political, and social change throughout the...

Compare congressional and presidential Reconstruction plans, including the legislation and constitutional amendments eac...

Explain how ownership of one’s own labor and land were equated with freedom by freedpeople, and describe emerging labor ...

Describe how Black Americans in the former Confederacy established new institutions and organizations to mobilize grassr...

Develop an argument regarding how national and regional events and trends brought Reconstruction to an end.

Explain how westward expansion after the Civil War created economic growth in the West and affected the people living th...

Evaluate the contributions of the Homestead Act and the transcontinental railroad to increased migration to and settleme...

Describe the economic and environmental impacts of new industries during the settlement of the West, including the minin...

Explain the effects of federal policies and military actions on Native Americans after the Civil War and describe Native...

Evaluate the United States’ efforts to increase engagement with Asia and the Pacific Islands in the late nineteenth cent...

Describe the economic contributions of Asian immigrants in the second half of the nineteenth century and the hostility t...

Summarize why the United States sought to acquire the Hawaiian Islands and describe native Hawaiians’ efforts to resist ...

Describe the transformation of American society and politics during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Analyze how the growing awareness of economic and political corruption during the Gilded Age led to reform efforts on bo...

Describe the changes in American society that resulted from the inventions and innovations of business leaders, entrepre...

Analyze the push and pull factors contributing to the rapid growth of cities in the United States during the late ninete...

Summarize social, economic, and cultural consequences of urbanization for American society, including changes in living ...

Explain how various reform and reactionary movements emerged in response to the challenges of urbanization and immigrati...

Investigate and recount the experiences of immigrant communities in urban America, including patterns of settlement, cul...

Describe the emergence of the Populist and Progressive movements and explain changes brought about by individual reforme...

Develop an argument supporting the significance of the National Farmers Alliance, Colored Farmers’ National Alliance, an...

Assess the effectiveness of muckrakers’ use of literature, newspapers, photography, and other media to inspire change du...

Summarize the rise of labor unions and their efforts to improve working conditions in industrial America.

Analyze the roles and differing viewpoints of female reformers and women’s organizations in guiding the women’s suffrage...

Describe the emergence of the New South economy and Jim Crow era, and explain the corresponding efforts to secure civil ...

Explain how Jim Crow laws, Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), and violence shaped the economic, political, and social structure ...

Summarize political and social motives that influenced the writing of the Constitution of Alabama of 1901, and explain i...

Analyze the ideologies, efforts, and impacts of civil rights reformers, groups, and civic organizations that challenged ...

Describe the efforts of reformers to create greater educational and economic opportunities for Black Americans through t...

Explain how British policies and actions from 1754 to 1775 created political and economic disagreements with American co...

Analyze the means by which colonists protested British policies and the ideas communicated through colonists’ speeches a...

Summarize the main arguments within the Declaration of Independence, its rationale for separation from Great Britain, an...

Evaluate the contributions of colonial leaders, including George Washington; military strategy; and the support of forei...

Compare and contrast the contributions of different groups in colonial America to the War for Independence and the effec...

Evaluate how events and issues from the signing of the Treaty of Paris (1783) to the ratification of the Constitution of...

Compare and contrast the domestic agendas and accomplishments of Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wi...

Critique the effectiveness of national legislation passed during the Progressive Era in addressing concerns regarding bu...

Describe the political reforms passed during the Progressive Era.

Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, and describe how Shays’ Rebellion generated sent...

Describe the major issues debated at the Constitutional Convention and analyze the solutions produced, including: the di...

Compare the arguments of Federalists and Anti-Federalists regarding ratification of the United States Constitution, and ...

Analyze the major policies and political developments of the presidencies of George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jeffe...

Identify and explain factors leading to the development of political parties, including the conflicting views of Thomas ...

Analyze the development of economic infrastructure during the Early Republic, including the effects of Alexander Hamilto...

Explain the establishment of a national judiciary and its power, including the institution of judicial review in Marbury...

Describe relations of the United States with Britain, France, and Native American nations from 1789 to 1812.

Analyze the political and economic causes and consequences of the War of 1812, including the impact on Native Americans.

Assess how the American Revolution and its rhetoric affected the status of slavery in the newly formed United States.

Describe the growth of an anti-slavery movement in northern states through the founding of the first abolitionist societ...

Explain why the Northwest Ordinance's ban on slavery in new states north of the Ohio River (1787) was significant.

Explain causes, courses, and consequences of United States’ expansionism and the rise of Manifest Destiny ideology prior...

Describe how the Treaty of Paris of 1783, Northwest Ordinance of 1785, Northwest Ordinance of 1787, and the Louisiana Pu...

Summarize the effects of the Indian Removal Act and the Trail of Tears on Native Americans, and describe the efforts by ...

Describe how scientific and technological advances helped facilitate expansion prior to 1848.

Analyze reasons for migration via the western trails and the consequences of the rapid settlement of California, Oregon,...

Compare major events in Alabama from 1781 to 1823, including statehood as part of the expanding nation, acquisition of l...

Evaluate the influence of American social and political reform on the emergence of a national identity from the early to...

Describe the changes in political culture during the Age of Reform, including the concept of Jacksonian democracy.

Investigate and share information on the influence of individuals and movements of art, religion, education, and literat...

Assess how women challenged their societal roles under the Cult of Domesticity through their participation in social mov...

Summarize the contributions of women reformers in the early to mid-nineteenth century who sought to expand political and...

Explain how the acquisition of new land in the South and the invention of the cotton gin contributed to the growth of th...

Analyze the domestic slave trade/forced migration, labor, and variations in the practice of slavery in different areas o...

Describe how enslaved people maintained African traditions and created their own unique culture, including foodways, spi...

Explain how economic and social divisions led to heightened sectionalism between the North and the South, examining thei...

Explain how the Market Revolution fostered economic, cultural, and demographic changes in northern states.

Describe the central ideas of Henry Clay’s American System, and explain how the implementation of these concepts contrib...

Compare and contrast political and sectional views on economic policies, and explain how these views led to political co...

Summarize conflicting viewpoints over the United States’ role in the world from the Spanish-American War to its entry in...

Evaluate the influence of events, organizations, and individual actions on the expansion of the Civil Rights Movement na...

Identify and explain key events from 1945 to 1955 that brought about the emergence of a large-scale movement for civil r...

Analyze the extent to which the actions and campaigns of civil rights activists and organizations from 1954 to 1965 prom...

Compare and contrast the actions and philosophies of key civil rights leaders and organizations, including Reverend Dr. ...

Summarize the political, economic, and physical means by which opponents of the Civil Rights Movement sought to limit it...

Describe how key Alabamians provided leadership, generated change, or demonstrated resistance to the Civil Rights Moveme...

Analyze how cultural changes, economic growth, and government action during the Truman and Eisenhower administrations sh...

Evaluate the effects of the arms and space races on the growth of the military-industrial complex.

Describe the demographic and political changes that occurred as some populations shifted from cities to suburbs.

Compare and contrast major domestic initiatives of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, and explain how Kennedy’s assa...

Investigate the major elements of Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society program and explain how it represents an attempt to exp...

Explain the evolution of America’s Cold War policy to defend democracy and contain communism around the world and how th...

Assess the effectiveness of John F. Kennedy’s foreign policy toward Cuba, including the Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cub...

Investigate and explain the effects of the domino theory and the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution on United States involvement ...

Describe how significant events in the Vietnam War resulted in a decline of public support for American involvement in t...

Evaluate the relationship between domestic social movements, including the New Left and counterculture movements, and Am...

Explain shifts in the scope of the Civil Rights Movement from the mid-1960s into the 1970s, including geographic regions...

Explain how the Civil Rights Movement inspired other movements for civil and human rights, and describe the contribution...

Evaluate the social and political significance of the women’s rights movement from the 1960s to the 1980s on the lives o...

Compare and contrast major Supreme Court decisions from the 1960s through the 1980s and explain how they reflect an ongo...

Describe how significant domestic events during the presidencies of Richard Nixon and Jimmy Carter shaped United States ...

Trace the events that fostered the emergence of the modern environmental movement and prompted government regulations as...

Outline the events that led to the Watergate scandal and brought about the resignation of President Richard Nixon and th...

Identify the reasons for the economic fluctuations of the 1970s and evaluate the effectiveness of government action on t...

Describe significant foreign policy events during the presidencies of Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, and Jimmy Carter that ...

Analyze how America’s foreign policy decisions in the Vietnam War shaped Cold War actions in the 1970s, including détent...

Evaluate how the United States’ increasing involvement in the Middle East during the 1970s affected both the region and ...

Analyze the conservative revolution in American politics and how this shaped Ronald Reagan’s domestic and foreign polici...

Describe the growth and composition of movement conservatism beginning in the 1960s, and explain how this culminated in ...

Analyze how Reaganomics and deregulation affected the American economy and society.

Trace the series of events during Reagan’s presidency leading to the emergence of the United States as the sole superpow...

Analyze the shifts in United States foreign policy and challenges to it after the Cold War and into the twenty-first cen...

Investigate the role and influence of the United States in peacekeeping efforts around the world from the 1990s into the...

Evaluate the effectiveness of the United States’ response to the September 11 attacks, including the war in Afghanistan,...

Compare and contrast Operation Desert Storm and Operation Iraqi Freedom, including why they took place, the domestic pol...

Evaluate how political developments and technology shaped economic trends and fluctuations from the 1990s into the early...

Trace the evolution of the environmental movement and political debate over climate change from the 1980s to the present...

Assess the economic and political effects of immigration on the United States and explain how immigration policies have ...

Explain how yellow journalism, jingoistic sentiments, and economic interests led to American entry into war with Spain.

Describe the consequences of the Spanish-American War, including the United States’ rise to global prominence, debate ov...

Trace United States’ interventions around the world under Theodore Roosevelt’s Big Stick Diplomacy, William Howard Taft’...

Compare and contrast the arguments of those in the United States who advocated for preparedness and those who sought neu...

Summarize the events and factors that led to the United States entry into World War I.

Trace United States military involvement in World War I and the contributions of the American Expeditionary Force to the...

Evaluate how federal policies and legislation have shaped American society since 1988.

Assess how political events beginning with the Clinton presidency and into the early 2000s contributed to growing politi...

Describe the significance of national elections from 1992 to the present, including the 2000 presidential recount in Flo...

Describe the roles of Black Americans as members of the military and on the home front during World War I, including the...

Describe the changing roles and rights of women in the United States that resulted from their contributions to World War...

Analyze how government actions in the United States during World War I produced both economic growth and social division...

Compare the reasons given by opposing sides in the debate over whether the United States should ratify the Treaty of Ver...

Evaluate how key figures, events, and trends shaped United States society and culture from the conclusion of World War I...

Describe how the automobile, cinema, print media, and radio contributed to the rise in mass culture, economic growth, an...

Explain how art, literature, and music, including that produced by Alabamians, influenced both the Harlem Renaissance an...

Explain why the 1920s comprised a period of significant social conflict as manifested by the Scopes trial, growth of the...

Summarize the debate over prohibition and describe how prohibition contributed to social and cultural changes of the 192...

Trace the causes and course of Red Summer and subsequent violence into the 1920s, including the Tulsa Race Massacre.

Analyze the causes of the Great Depression, including the effects of overproduction, stock market speculation, buying on...

Differentiate between the ways Herbert Hoover and Franklin Roosevelt dealt with the Great Depression.

Critique the effectiveness of the New Deal in managing problems of the Great Depression through relief, recovery, and re...

Identify economic and social effects of the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl on American society and describe how indi...

Describe the effects of New Deal programs on Alabama, outlining the problems they sought to address.

Analyze the impact of the Great Depression and the resulting social programs on the American family and minority groups.

Trace the progression of events and policies leading to World War II and the United States’ entry into the war.

Summarize the United States’ foreign policies of isolationism and internationalism as World War II began and explain how...

Critique the evolving United States policy and public attitudes toward Nazi Germany and the growing refugee crisis as th...

Analyze how United States military involvement shaped major events of World War II.

Develop an argument supporting the thesis that major battles of World War II in which the United States was involved wer...

Compare and contrast the roles and leadership of United States leaders in securing victory for the Allied powers during ...

Evaluate the effectiveness of United States strategies in the war, including the decision to utilize atomic weapons on J...

Describe the role of the United States military in helping end the Holocaust, including the liberation of concentration ...

Explain how key consequences of World War II shaped United States foreign policy after the war.

Analyze the domestic, economic, and civil rights impact of World War II on United States society.

Describe Alabama's participation in World War II, including the role of the Tuskegee Airmen, housing prisoner of war (PO...

Explain how minority groups organized to gain access to wartime jobs and how they confronted discrimination, including t...

Describe the experiences of Japanese Americans in World War II, including their internment on the home front and militar...

Describe how World War II led to advances in mass media, medicine, science, and technology.

Outline the foreign policy changes that led the United States into the Cold War and contributed to its emergence as a su...

Develop an argument regarding the effectiveness of the United States policy of containment that resulted from its growin...

Compare the application of the United States’ policy of containment to various areas of the world outside the Soviet Uni...

Identify and explain the origins of the United States’ involvement in the Korean War and the consequences of Harry Truma...

Analyze the domestic responses to the Cold War, including the impact of McCarthyism.

Explain how Enlightenment principles informed the structure and principles of the United States government, its founding...

Outline major characteristics and functions of contemporary political parties in the United States, including the role o...

Describe how third-party candidates have historically affected elections in the United States, and evaluate the argument...

Assess the impact of political parties on citizens and elected officials, including the increase of political polarizati...

Analyze the electoral process, focusing on election laws and systems at the national, state, and local levels, and expla...

Outline how the Electoral College functions and explain how candidates must appeal to a wide variety of states and devel...

Evaluate the effects of reapportionment, redistricting, and gerrymandering on congressional elections.

Describe the rights and duties of citizens, including participation in the election process.

Explain why maintaining a balance between individual rights and majority rule and between state and national power is im...

Outline how the federal system of the United States divides powers between national and state governments.

Compare specific functions, organizations, and purposes of local and state governments.

Describe the role of the national government in regulating and facilitating relations among states in the United States.

Analyze how Dillon's Rule and Home Rule provisions in Alabama's 1901 Constitution affect local funding procedures and re...

Analyze and interpret the concept of tribal sovereignty, its historical background, and its significance for Native Amer...

Describe how the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and events of the American Revolution influ...

Analyze the major features and structural organization of the Constitution of the United States and the Bill of Rights.

Summarize and explain the underlying principles of the Constitution, including checks and balances, federalism, limited ...

Summarize the formal process of amending the Constitution of the United States.

Explain how the Fourteenth Amendment extended rights to minority groups through the Due Process and Equal Protection Cla...

Describe the role and responsibilities of the legislative branch, including the process of lawmaking, the power of the p...

Compare and contrast the leadership roles within Congress, including the Speaker of the House, the Senate President Pro ...

Identify the types of congressional committees and explain their roles in policy-making.

Outline the process by which a bill becomes a law, including introduction, committee review, floor debate, lobbyist acti...

Analyze how the functions and authority of the executive branch evolve through changes in the scope of presidential powe...

Describe how the president of the United States utilizes formal powers to achieve policy goals, including veto power, ad...

Describe how the president of the United States uses informal powers to shape public opinion, including interaction with...

Explain the role of the Cabinet and White House staff in the process of presidential decision-making.

Compare and contrast the structures of the federal bureaucracy, including cabinet departments, independent regulatory co...

Summarize the functions and duties of the judicial branch, including the power of judicial review and interpretation of ...

Explain the structure, jurisdiction, and processes of civil and criminal courts in the United States, including courts w...

Outline and explain the process of appointing Supreme Court Justices and other federal judges.

Contrast strict and loose constructionist views of the Constitution of the United States.

Explain how landmark United States Supreme Court cases have shaped the constitutional interpretation and expansion of ci...

Describe the significance of Alabama landmark cases that impacted American society and governance.

Analyze how the expansion of suffrage affected the political system of the United States, including the enfranchisement ...

Explain how increases and shifts in political participation by minorities and other voting blocs shape political party c...

Describe how Black Codes, Jim Crow laws, and the Selma-to-Montgomery March influenced the passage of the Voting Rights A...

Analyze historic and current barriers to voting access and voter turnout, and weigh the benefits and consequences of pos...

Describe how special interest groups and political action committees develop, how they function, and how their campaign ...

Summarize the effects of campaign finance rulings by the United States Supreme Court on the election process.

Analyze examples of legislation or policy decisions that reflect the influence of special interest groups, and describe ...

Explain the role of the media in the political process, including how they shape public opinion.

Analyze how public opinion is measured through polling.

Analyze the influence of television and digital media on elections and campaign spending.

Explain how the Enlightenment influenced societies and inspired revolutions in Europe and the Americas.

Evaluate the economic, global, political, and social consequences of World War II.

Analyze the role of major Axis and Allied leaders during World War II, including both political and military leaders.

Describe major turning points of World War II in the European, North Africa, and Pacific theaters and identify the locat...

Compare the experiences of civilians in different countries involved in conflict during World War II.

Explain the Holocaust as the state-sponsored, systematic persecution and mass murder of Europe’s Jews and other minoriti...

Describe how the Nazis built upon historical antisemitism to dehumanize Jewish people and frame them as the enemy of the...

Trace how the Nazis’ plan for the European Jews evolved from 1933 to the Final Solution.

Explain the roles of different types of camps in the Holocaust, including slave labor, transit, concentration camps, and...

Trace the events that led to Victory in Europe (VE) Day, and explain how the use of atomic bombs ended the war in the Pa...

Explain the origins, conduct, and outcomes of the Nuremberg Trials and Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal.

Explain the origins of the Cold War as they relate to the economic, global, political, and social consequences of World ...

Identify major international organizations and the spheres of influence that developed as the result of World War II and...

Compare political ideologies that existed within the United States, the Soviet Union, and People’s Republic of China aft...

Describe the development and conclusion of the Chinese Civil War, including the formation of Taiwan, and how the Chinese...

Explain realignment and reconstruction in Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America after World War II, including the decl...

Describe the efforts of people under colonial rule to establish their independence and resistance to these efforts, incl...

Analyze how economic aid expanded spheres of influence, including the Marshall Plan and Council for Mutual Economic Assi...

Trace the progression of the Cold War from the end of World War II to the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Explain the development of new technologies and their significance in the nuclear arms race and space race.

Evaluate the extent to which efforts to contain or spread communism contributed to global conflict.

Describe the collapse of the Soviet Empire; Russia’s struggle for democracy, free markets, and economic recovery; and th...

Analyze the causes and effects of both regional and internal conflicts in the late twentieth and early twenty-first cent...

Critique the response of the world community to mass atrocities and violations of human rights and civil liberties in va...

Trace the origin of the Arab-Israeli conflict following the establishment of the State of Israel and explain its impact ...

Evaluate the causes of terrorist movements from the 1970s into the 2000s, including the September 11 attacks, and govern...

Assess the consequences of modern conflicts on populations, including famine, refugee crises, and the use of child soldi...

Describe the influence of internal conflict, nationalism, and factional enmity in various nations and regions.

Analyze the effects of economic interdependence and globalization on places and their populations.

Explain motivations for countries to enter into global trade agreements.

Describe how economic challenges confronting least developed and developing countries impact their political system and ...

Describe the interrelationship between people and the environment in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries...

Research major natural disasters and evaluate the effects of changes in weather, climate, and natural resource usage on ...

Compare and contrast the current consumption of natural resources in various countries across the world.

Explain problems and opportunities involving science, technology, and worldwide communication, including the Internet, i...

Compare and contrast the emerging ideas of Adam Smith, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, John Locke, Mary Wollstonecraft, Montesqui...

Summarize the influence of the Enlightenment on the American Revolution.

Assess the causes and consequences of the French Revolution.

Explain how the American Revolution influenced the French Revolution.

Identify the objectives of different factions in the French Revolution.

Explain how the Reign of Terror affected the French Revolution, including Robespierre and the guillotine.

Describe the effects of the reign of Napoleon Bonaparte, the Napoleonic Wars, and the Congress of Vienna on the geograph...

Explain the causes and outcomes of the revolutions of Latin America and the Caribbean.

Identify the locations of colonial empires and post-revolutionary countries in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Analyze the leadership of revolutionary leaders, including Simón Bolivar and Toussaint Louverture.

Explain how changes associated with the Industrial Revolution affected the economies, societies, and politics of Europe.

Describe the technological inventions and labor conditions that characterized the Industrial Revolution in Europe.

Compare the theories of capitalism, utilitarianism, socialism, and Marxism, including the philosophies of John Stuart Mi...

Describe the effects of urbanization on Europe during the nineteenth century, including the evolution of the middle and ...

Explain how nationalism fostered global transformation from 1848 to 1914.

Evaluate the influence of the Revolutions of 1848 on European politics and society.

Analyze how the international balance of power shifted as a result of the unification of Germany, the decline of the Ott...

Analyze the rise of Japan’s power in East Asia beginning with the Meiji Restoration.

Explain how imperialism fostered global transformation.

Trace the origins of late nineteenth century imperialism, imperialist ideology, and colonialism.

Summarize how the actions of imperialist nations affected cultures and peoples of Africa and Asia, and explain how these...

Identify Western nations’ spheres of influence in Africa, Asia, and Latin America that resulted from nineteenth and twen...

Explain causes and consequences of World War I, including imperialism, militarism, nationalism, and the alliance system.

Assess the effects of trench warfare and new military technologies on combat during World War I.

Describe the rise of the Bolsheviks and Soviet ideology in Russia during and after World War I.

Explain the consequences of the Treaty of Versailles of 1919, including political and boundary changes.

Analyze the global cultural, economic, and political developments immediately following World War I.

Compare and contrast political ideologies that emerged in Europe following World War I, including communism, fascism, an...

Summarize the effects of the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, including the rise of Arab nationalism and the European ...

Summarize the conditions of the global Great Depression and explain how they led to the rise of totalitarian states and ...

Describe how Joseph Stalin sought to consolidate his own rule and strengthen socialism in the Soviet Union from 1927 to ...

Trace Adolf Hitler’s rise to power, describing Nazi ideology and the use of propaganda to advance his political and raci...

Analyze the rise of militarism in Germany, Italy, and Japan in the 1930s and explain how it led to war.