2026 Indiana Academic Standards: K-12 Social Studies

Give examples of classroom and school rules, and explain the importance of following these rules to ensure order and saf...

Give examples of how to be a responsible member of society both in person and in digital spaces.

Explain that people work to earn money to buy the things they want and need.

Identify and describe different kinds of jobs that people do and the tools or equipment used in these jobs.

Explain why people in a community volunteer or have different jobs.

Use words related to location, direction, and distance, including here/there, over/under, left/right, above/below, forwa...

Locate and describe places in the school and community using words such as here/there, over/under, left/right, above/bel...

Identify and describe the location of the school and explain why addresses help us find places.

Identify maps and globes as tools that represent the Earth and identify and describe differences between land and water.

Identify similarities and differences in family traditions, homes, and celebrations.

Observe and describe similarities and differences between children's lives and families today and those from long ago us...

Recognize and explain the ways people, heritage, and events are remembered and celebrated in families, schools, and comm...

Identify events and place events in a sequence.

Explain how calendars are used to represent the days of the week and months of the year.

Identify rights that people have and the responsibilities that accompany these rights.

Define and give examples of rules and laws in the school and the community, and explain the benefits of these rules and ...

Describe ways that individual actions can contribute to the common good of the classroom or community.

Define citizen and describe the characteristics of good citizenship.

Repeat the Pledge of Allegiance and understand that it is a promise to be loyal to the United States.

Identify goods that people use.

Identify services that people provide for others.

Explain that people must make choices about goods and services because resources are limited in relation to people’s wan...

Identify the cardinal directions (i.e., north, south, east, and west) on maps and globes and at the classroom or school.

Identify and describe continents, hemispheres, oceans, cities, and roads on maps and globes.

Identify and describe the relative locations of places in the school setting.

Identify and describe physical features and man-made features of the local community, including home, school, and neighb...

Compare cultural similarities and differences of various ethnic and cultural groups found in Indiana, such as family tra...

Identify the impact the past has on the present way of life in the community using primary sources.

Identify songs and symbols that represent the American experience and discuss their origins.

Identify local people from the past who have demonstrated good citizenship.

Identify people and events observed in national celebrations and holidays.

Develop a simple timeline of important events in the student’s life.

Use the terms past and present; yesterday, today, and tomorrow; and next week and last week to sequentially order events...

Explain how clocks and calendars are used to measure time.

Distinguish between historical fact and fiction in American folktales and legends that are part of American culture.

Explain that the United States government is founded on the belief of equal rights for its citizens.

Explain why it is important for a community to have a responsible government.

Describe how people of different ages, cultural backgrounds, and traditions contribute to the community and how all citi...

Identify people who are good citizens and describe the character traits that make them admirable.

Discuss and explain the meaning of the Pledge of Allegiance and explore ways citizens affirm their citizenship, includin...

Explain the price of and the product received from goods and services and the impact on consumers.

Research goods and services produced in the local community, and describe how people can be both producers and consumers...

Define opportunity cost and explain that because resources are limited in relation to people’s wants (e.g., scarcity), p...

Explain why people trade for goods and services, and explain how money makes trade easier.

Explain the concept of savings and why this is important for individuals and for the economy.

Use a compass to identify cardinal and intermediate directions and locate places on maps and in the classroom, school, a...

Locate the equator, the poles, continents, and hemispheres on a world map and on a globe; identify the local community, ...

Compare neighborhoods in the local community or region, and explain how physical features of the community affect people...

Compare neighborhoods in the local community or region with those in other parts of the world.

On a map, identify physical features of the local community, and how seasons may or may not impact those features.

Identify and describe cultural or man-made features on a map using map symbols.

Identify when the local community was established, and identify its founders and early settlers.

Identify the impact the past has on the present way of life in the community using primary sources.

Identify actions and individuals who had a positive impact on the local community.

Identify and describe community celebrations, symbols, and traditions, and explain why they are important.

Develop a timeline of important events in the history of the school and/or school community.

Create and maintain a calendar of important school days, holidays, and community events.

Read about and summarize historical community events using a variety of resources (e.g., the library, digital media, pri...

Discuss the reasons governments are needed and identify specific goods and services that governments provide.

Identify and explain the duties of and selection process for local and state government officials who make, implement, a...

Explain that the United States has three levels of government (i.e., local, state, and federal), and that each level has...

Explain the importance of being a responsible citizen of your community, state, and nation. Identify people in your comm...

Explain the role citizens have in making decisions and rules within the community, state, and nation, such as participat...

Give examples from the local community that illustrate scarcity of resources and explain how scarcity requires people to...

Give examples of goods and services provided by local business and industry.

Give examples of trade in the local community, and explain how trade benefits both parties.

Define interdependence, and give examples of how people in the local community depend on each other for goods and servic...

List the characteristics of money, and explain how money makes trade and the purchase of goods easier.

Explain that prices are influenced by interactions between buyers and sellers in markets.

Illustrate how people compare benefits and costs when making choices and decisions as consumers and producers.

Identify different ways people save their income, and explain advantages and disadvantages of each.

Use labels and symbols to locate and identify physical and political features on maps and globes.

Label a map of the Midwest, identifying states, major rivers, lakes, and the Great Lakes.

Identify the local and regional communities, including Indiana and other Midwestern states, on maps using simple grid sy...

Identify the northern, southern, eastern, and western hemispheres; cardinal and intermediate directions; and determine t...

Explain that regions are areas that have similar physical and cultural characteristics. Identify Indiana and the local c...

Compare and contrast the physical characteristics of Indiana to neighboring states using words, illustrations, maps, pho...

Describe the difference in how Native Americans and early settlers of Indiana adapted to and modified their environment ...

Identify and describe how human activities and natural systems affect the local environment.

Identify and describe how Native Americans impacted the development of local and regional communities.

Explain why and how the local community was established, and identify its founders and early settlers.

Describe the role of the local community and other communities in the development of the state's regions.

Give examples of people, events, and developments that brought important changes to your community and the region where ...

Create simple timelines that identify important events in various regions of the state.

Use a variety of resources to gather information about your region’s communities and identify factors that make the regi...

Distinguish between fact and fiction in historical accounts by comparing documentary sources on historical figures and e...

Define immigration and explain how it contributed to the early development and cultural structures of communities.

Explain the major purposes of Indiana’s Constitution as stated in the Preamble.

Describe individual rights, such as freedom of speech and freedom of religion, which people have under Article I of Indi...

Identify and explain the major responsibilities of the legislative (Article 4), executive (Article 5), and judicial bran...

Identify major state offices, the duties and powers associated with them, and how they are chosen, such as by election o...

Give examples of how citizens can participate in their state government and explain the right and responsibility of voti...

Give examples of the kinds of goods produced and services provided in Indiana in different historical periods.

Define productivity, and provide examples of how productivity has changed in Indiana during the past century.

Explain that prices change as a result of changes in supply and demand for specific products.

List the functions of money, and compare and contrast things that have been used as money in the past in Indiana, the Un...

Estimate distances between two places on a map when referring to relative locations.

Locate Indiana on a map as one of the 50 United States. Identify and describe the location of the state capital, major c...

Map and describe the physical regions of Indiana and identify major natural resources and agricultural/crop regions.

Explain how glaciers shaped Indiana’s landscape and environment.

Identify the challenges in the physical landscape of Indiana to early settlers and modern day economic development.

Explain the importance of major transportation routes in the exploration, settlement, and growth of Indiana and in the s...

Identify migration patterns into and out of the state and explain how they contributed to the early development and cult...

Identify historical perspectives about Native Americans, Africans, early settlers, and other immigrant groups.

Identify and compare the major early cultures that lived in the region of Indiana before the arrival of the Europeans an...

Describe the impact of immigration on the developments of agriculture, industry, mining, and transportation in Indiana.

Identify and describe important events and movements that changed life in Indiana from the mid-twentieth century to the ...

Research Indiana's modern growth, emphasizing manufacturing, new technologies, transportation, and global connections.

Create and interpret timelines that show relationships among people, events, and movements in the history of Indiana.

Construct a brief narrative about an event in Indiana history using primary and secondary sources.

Research and describe the contributions of important Indiana artists, writers, entrepreneurs, and public figures to the ...

Identify and describe historic Native American groups that lived in Indiana at the time of early European exploration, i...

Explain the importance of the Revolutionary War and other key events and people that impacted the development of Indiana...

Summarize and explain the significance of key documents in Indiana's development from a United States territory to state...

Explain the roles of various individuals, groups, and movements in the social conflicts leading to the Civil War.

Summarize the impact of Abraham Lincoln’s presidency on Indiana, and describe the participation of Indiana citizens in t...

Give examples of Indiana's increasing agricultural, industrial, political, and business development in the nineteenth ce...

Describe the participation of Indiana citizens in World War I and World War II.

Identify and describe important events and movements that changed life in Indiana in the early twentieth century.

Understand the principles and purposes of government as stated in the Preamble to the United States Constitution.

Identify and explain ideas about limited government, the rule of law, and individual rights in key colonial era document...

Identify and explain key ideas about government as noted in the Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, ...

Describe the primary and general election processes for local, state, and federal offices, including those used to selec...

Identify the three branches of the United States government, and explain the functions of each.

Describe group and individual actions that illustrate civic virtues, such as civility, cooperation, respect, and respons...

Examine ways by which citizens may effectively voice opinions, monitor government, and bring about change in government,...

Use a variety of information resources to identify and evaluate issues that involve civic responsibility, individual rig...

Describe the economic activities within and among Native American cultures prior to contact with Europeans. Examine the ...

Describe the impacts of technological developments and major inventions on business productivity during the early develo...

Explain the benefits of education and training, specialization, and investment in capital resources.

Define types of trade barriers and predict the effect of changes in supply and demand on price.

Explain the purpose and components of a personal budget, and compare factors that influence household saving and spendin...

Illustrate how lines of latitude and longitude are measured in degrees of a circle. Locate where these lines intersect o...

Explain the economic organization of each region (i.e., New England, Middle, Southern) that comprised the 13 British col...

Use maps and globes to locate states, capitals, major cities, major rivers, the Great Lakes, and mountain ranges in the ...

Locate the continental divide, the major drainage basins/watersheds, major sources of freshwater in the United States, a...

Use maps to describe the characteristics of climate regions of the United States.

Identify the major manufacturing and agricultural regions in colonial America, and summarize the ways that agriculture a...

Describe the ways Native Americans, Africans, immigrant groups, and colonists adapted to variations in the physical envi...

Describe and analyze how specific physical features influenced historical events.

Identify and locate the 13 British colonies by region (i.e., New England, Middle, Southern).

Describe the political and social organization of each region (i.e., New England, Middle, Southern) that comprised the 1...

Identify and describe early cultures and settlements that existed in North America prior to contact with Europeans.

Identify major British and American leaders of the American Revolutionary War and describe their significance in key eve...

Describe the contributions of France, other nations, and individuals to the outcome of the American Revolution.

Identify contributions of women and minorities during the American Revolution.

Explain consequences of the American Revolution, including the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation...

Explain why the United States Constitution was created in 1787 and how it established a stronger union among the origina...

Describe the origins and drafting of the Bill of Rights that was ratified in 1791.

Explain why the first American political parties developed, and analyze the impact political parties had on early presid...

Identify and describe the contributions of important early American artists, writers, and entrepreneurs and traditional ...

Examine accounts of early European explorations of North America, including major land and water routes, reasons for exp...

Compare and contrast historic Native American groups of the West, Southwest, Northwest, Arctic and sub-Arctic, Great Pla...

Locate the early Spanish, French, and British settlements on a map, and compare the origins, physical structure, and soc...

Compare and contrast the religious, political, and economic reasons for the colonization of the Americas by Europe.

Identify and explain instances of both cooperation and conflict that existed between Native Americans and colonists.

Identify the early founders of colonial settlements, and describe early colonial resistance to British rule.

Explain how the political, religious, and economic ideas brought about the American Revolution.

Analyze the causes of the American Revolution as outlined in the Declaration of Independence.

Compare and contrast major forms of governments in Europe and the Americas throughout history.

Explain how the elements and foundations of Greek direct democracy can be found in modern systems of government.

Explain how the elements and foundations of Roman representative democracy are present in modern systems of government.

Examine key ideas of the Magna Carta (1215), the Petition of Right (1628), and the English Bill of Rights (1689) as docu...

Define the term nation-state and describe the rise of nation-states headed by monarchs in Europe from 1500 to 1700.

Discuss the impact of major forms of government in Europe and the Americas on civil and human rights.

Define and compare the citizen’s role and methods of participation in civil society in civilizations of Europe and the A...

Give examples of how trade related to key developments in the history of Europe and the Americas.

Analyze how countries of Europe and the Americas have been influenced by trade in different historical periods.

Explain why international trade requires a system for exchanging currency between various countries.

Describe how different economic systems (traditional, command, market, and mixed) in Europe and the Americas answer the ...

Demonstrate a broad understanding of the major countries, capitals, and/or regions of Europe and the Americas.

Describe and compare major cultural characteristics of regions in Europe and the Western Hemisphere.

Locate, describe, and compare major physical characteristics of regions (e.g., climate, plains) of Europe and the Americ...

Summarize the rise, decline, and cultural achievements of ancient civilizations in Europe and Mesoamerica.

Describe the origins, developments, and innovations of the Industrial Revolution throughout Europe and the United States...

Identify an impact of industrialization on trade and cultural exchange between Europe and the Americas.

Discuss the benefits and challenges related to the development of a highly technological society.

Define and use the terms decade, century, and millennium, and compare alternative ways that historical periods and eras ...

Differentiate between fact and interpretation in historical accounts and explain the meaning of historical passages by i...

Identify issues related to an historical event in Europe or the Americas, giving basic arguments for and against that is...

Describe and compare the beliefs, the spread, and the influence of religions throughout Europe and Mesoamerica.

Identify and explain the development and organization of political, cultural, social, and economic systems in Europe and...

Analyze the diverse points of view and motivations of those involved in the Crusades, and give examples of the changes b...

Identify trade routes and discuss their impact on the rise of cultural centers and trade cities in Europe and Mesoameric...

Describe how the Black Death, along with economic, environmental, and social factors, led to the decline of medieval soc...

Analyze the interconnections of people, places, and events in the economic, scientific, and cultural exchanges of the Eu...

Describe the Reformations and their effects on European and American society.

Explain the origin and spread of scientific, political, and social ideals associated with the Age of Enlightenment/Age o...

Compare, contrast, and evaluate the different routes to independence from colonial rule taken by countries in Asia, Afri...

Compare and contrast historical and contemporary governments in Africa, Asia, and the Southwest Pacific.

Describe how major forms of governments of Japan, North Korea, India, South Africa, and China currently protect or viola...

Evaluate the benefits and opportunity costs of voluntary trade and specialization on the standards of living in Africa, ...

Identify ways that societies deal with helpful and harmful externalities in Africa, Asia, and the Southwest Pacific.

Formulate a broad understanding of the location of countries within Africa, Asia, and the Southwest Pacific.

Describe and compare major cultural characteristics of regions in Africa, Asia, and the Southwest Pacific.

Use historical and modern maps to identify changes in Africa, Asia, and the Southwest Pacific over time, highlighting ph...

Identify major physical characteristics of regions of Africa, Asia, and the Southwest Pacific, such as deserts, basins, ...

Compare and contrast the distribution of natural resources in Africa, Asia, and the Southwest Pacific; describe how natu...

Describe the limitations that climate and landforms place on land or people in regions of Africa, Asia, and the Southwes...

Identify current trends and patterns of rural and urban population distribution in selected countries of Africa, Asia, a...

Explain how ethnocentrism influenced the way different groups in Africa, Asia, and the Southwest Pacific interacted and ...

Analyze current issues and developments related to the environment in selected countries in Africa, Asia, and the Southw...

Identify and explain the conditions that led to the rise of early river valley civilizations and evaluate how the achiev...

Analyze worldwide voyages of exploration and discovery by considering multiple perspectives of various people in the pas...

Explain the reasons for European colonization of Africa, Asia, and the Southwest Pacific and analyze the impact that col...

Analyze Japan’s rapid transformation (1868-1945) from an isolated feudal society to a global industrial power, and evalu...

Identify and explain the significance of recent and historical events in the Middle East since the end of World War II.

Analyze the causes of modern global conflicts from 1945 to the present, and evaluate the responses of individual nations...

Describe, compare, and contrast the historical origins, central beliefs and features, and spread of major religions, inc...

Analyze how the control of trade routes and natural resources led to the rise of powerful empires in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Analyze how the Silk Road created economic interdependence and cultural exchange between Asia, Europe, and Africa.

Analyze the scientific, cultural, and economic influences of Muslim civilizations including trade routes and banking sys...

Compare and contrast the institution of slavery in its various forms in Africa, Asia, and the Southwest Pacific, and ana...

Trace the rise, spread, and influence of the Mongols.

Describe the dynastic cycle and the cultural and technological contributions of major Chinese dynasties (Zhou, Qin, Han,...

Identify the cause and effect relationship leading to Japan becoming independent from earlier Chinese influences to deve...

Identify and explain essential ideas of constitutional government, which include limited government; rule of law; due pr...

Compare and contrast the delegated, reserved, and concurrent powers (division of power or federal system) contained in t...

Compare and contrast the different functions of federal and state government within the federal system by analyzing the ...

Recognize and explain the relationship between the rights and responsibilities of citizenship in the United States.

Explain the importance of responsible participation by citizens in voluntary civil organizations to bring about social r...

Explain ways that citizens can participate in the election process (e.g., political parties, campaigns, and elections) a...

Explain how citizens can monitor and influence the development and implementation of public policies at local, state, an...

Identify economic factors contributing to European exploration and colonization in North America, the American Revolutio...

Explain how federal, state, and local governments are involved in the economy of the United States.

Relate how new technology and inventions brought about changes in labor productivity in the United States in the eightee...

Explain and evaluate examples of domestic and international interdependence throughout United States history.

Read and interpret maps that portray the physical growth and development of the United States from colonization through ...

Identify the major mountain ranges and river systems of the United States and explain the importance of these physical f...

Identify the agricultural regions of the United States. Give explanations for how the land was used and developed during...

Using maps, identify changes influenced by growth, economic development, and human migration in the United States.

Using primary and secondary sources, identify ways people modified the physical environment as the United States develop...

Analyze human and physical factors that have influenced migration and settlement patterns and relate them to the economi...

Identify and interpret maps, graphs, and charts showing the distribution of natural resources such as forests, water sou...

Identify the major Native American groups and identify cause and effect relationships between European settlers and thes...

Analyze the influence of important individuals on social and political developments of the time (1775-1800).

Compare and contrast the ways of life in the northern and southern states, including the growth of towns and cities, the...

Interpret how the events surrounding the Louisiana Purchase (1803) and Lewis and Clark expedition (1803-1806) allowed fo...

Explain the main issues, consequences, and landmark decisions of the Marshall Court, including how it affected the power...

Analyze the causes and consequences of the War of 1812.

Define nationalism and explain how it affected domestic policy, foreign policy, and the development of an industrial eco...

Identify the key ideas of Jacksonian democracy and explain their influence on political participation, political parties...

Describe the causes, courses, challenges, compromises, and consequences associated with westward expansion, including th...

Analyze the causes and effects of the Mexican War (1846-1848).

Give examples of how immigration affected American culture in the decades before and after the Civil War, including grow...

Compare and contrast reasons for British, French, Spanish, and Dutch colonization in the New World.

Describe the Abolitionist Movement and identify figures and organizations involved in the debate over slavery, including...

Analyze the influence of early individual social reformers and movements such as the abolitionist, feminist, and social ...

Analyze the causes and effects of events leading to the Civil War, and evaluate the impact issues such as states’ rights...

Identify the factors and individuals which influenced the outcome of the Civil War, and explain the significance of each...

Compare and contrast the three plans for Reconstruction and evaluate the merits of each.

Describe causes and lasting effects of the Civil War and Reconstruction as well as the political controversies surroundi...

Using primary and secondary sources, analyze an issue confronting the United States from colonial times through the Reco...

Explain the conditions, causes, consequences, and significance of Britain's struggle to maintain control of colonies dur...

Identify and explain the reasons and actions for the resistance and rebellion against British imperial rule by the 13 co...

Analyze the causes and effects of the Revolutionary War (1775–1783), including the ideas from the Declaration of Indepen...

Identify and provide the significance of major events in the creation of the U.S. Constitution, such as the enactment of...

Identify and explain the steps taken during the Washington administration and the First and Second Congresses of the Uni...

Compare and contrast the views of Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton, and explain how their differences caused the ...

Identify the events leading up to the presidential and congressional election of 1800 and the transfer of political auth...

Define and identify each of the productive resources (i.e., natural, human, capital) and explain why each is necessary f...

Identify incentives and explain how they influence economic behavior and decision-making.

Explain that voluntary exchange occurs when households, businesses, and governments have the freedom to make self-intere...

Define scarcity, and explain how choices incur opportunity costs, utility, and trade-offs.

Use a production possibilities curve to explain the concepts of choice, scarcity, opportunity cost, trade offs, efficien...

Describe and compare the various economic systems (i.e., traditional, market, command, mixed, feudal, mercantile) and ex...

Describe how clearly defined and enforced property rights are essential to a market economy.

Illustrate how investment in physical and human capital can raise productivity and future standards of living.

Diagram and explain the circular flow of a market economy.

Define supply and demand, and explain the causes of the Law of Supply and the Law of Demand.

Provide examples of how consumers ultimately determine what is produced in a market economy.

Provide examples of how supply and demand determine equilibrium price and quantity.

Identify factors that cause changes in market supply and demand and how these changes affect price and quantity in a com...

Describe how price elasticity of supply and price elasticity of demand send signals to buyers and sellers.

Analyze the earnings of workers in different industries using factors such as product value, worker productivity, and ma...

Explain the advantages and disadvantages of various types of firms including sole proprietorships, partnerships, and cor...

Compare and contrast the basic characteristics of the four market structures: monopoly, oligopoly, monopolistic competit...

Explain how competition in markets affects price and quantity.

Explain how markets underproduce public goods, and analyze the role of government to resolve those market failures.

Describe how the government taxes negative externalities (spillovers) and subsidizes positive externalities to resolve t...

Describe the major revenue and expenditure categories in state and federal budgets and their respective proportions, and...

Determine whether different types of taxes (e.g., income tax, sales tax, and Federal Income Contributions Act [FICA] tax...

Define budget debt and budget deficit and distinguish between the two. Explain the effects of both on the economy.

Explain measures of a country's economic performance such as gross domestic product (GDP), unemployment, and inflation.

Explain the limitations of using GDP to measure economic welfare. Compare the different types of GDP and (nominal, per c...

Identify the different causes of inflation (i.e., cost-push and demand-pull), and explain the impact of inflation on eco...

Explain the causes and effects of business cycles in a market economy.

Explain frictional, structural, cyclical, and seasonal unemployment, and analyze the impact of unemployment.

Define, identify, and explain the productive resources.

Define scarcity and explain how opportunity costs and tradeoffs exist.

Explain incentives and how they affect choice.

Illustrate a production possibilities curve to explain the concepts of choice, scarcity, opportunity cost, trade-offs, u...

Critique the trade-off among economic growth, national security, efficiency, and personal freedom.

Explain measures of a country's economic performance such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), unemployment, and inflation.

Describe the various economic systems such as a free market, a command economy, or a mixed economy.

Identify questions that must be answered by any economic system and how they are categorized by how they answer the basi...

Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of various economic systems.

Explain the fundamental role, if any, of government in the various economic systems.

Describe fiscal policy, including how taxes are used within different economic systems.

Explain and evaluate how and why government control influences businesses and individuals through laws and taxes.

Define labor productivity and explain the basic factors which affect productivity.

Analyze the relationships between price, quantity, supply, demand, and equilibrium.

Describe different types of competitive structures in economic systems.

Explain the role and effect of labor unions, nonprofit organizations, and cooperatives in a given economy.

Assess the influence of monopolies and oligopolies on marketplaces.

Describe and evaluate how entrepreneurs form, fund, and operate businesses. Explain how they decide when to enter or exi...

Explain the business cycle and the factors that influence it.

Synthesize evidence which suggests that most of the world’s countries are interdependent.

Explain how specialization promotes international trade and how international trade increases total world output.

Explain how governments and cartels/syndicates influence world trade.

Use the concepts of absolute advantage and comparative advantage to determine why a country may choose to produce a part...

Discuss the components that make up the balance of payments and balance of trade among nations.

Evaluate the effects of trade agreements among nations and barriers to trade.

Explain the role of the Federal Reserve in the U.S. economy, as well as the functions of its counterparts in other count...

Differentiate between monetary policy and fiscal policies.

Define money and explain why it has value.

Compare the advantages and disadvantages of the barter system, currency, and near money.

Analyze the effects that higher or lower interest rates can have on economic growth and inflation.

Research the structure of financial institutions and analyze the consumer and commercial products offered.

Investigate the effect of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), unemployment, and inflation on economies.

Analyze the history and current trends of U.S. and international commercial banking.

Analyze and discuss the structure of, the purpose for, and the effects of government taxation.

Explain the basic functions of money.

Explain the role financial institutions play among savers, borrowers, and investors.

Demonstrate how banks create money through the principle of fractional reserve banking.

Describe the structure and functions of the Federal Reserve System.

Explain how interest rates act as an incentive for savers and borrowers.

Compare and contrast different types of financial investments.

Demonstrate how supply and demand determine equilibrium price and quantity in the financial markets.

Define and explain fiscal policy and its tools.

Define and explain monetary policy and its tools.

Analyze how the government uses fiscal policy to promote price stability, full employment, and economic growth.

Explain how the use of fiscal policy affects budget deficits or surpluses and the national debt.

Analyze how the Federal Reserve uses monetary policy to promote price stability, full employment, and economic growth.

Define and explain the impact of trade barriers, such as quotas and tariffs, and analyze why countries erect them.

Compare and contrast the arguments for and against free trade.

Differentiate between a state (country) and a nation, specifically focusing on the concepts of territorial control and s...

Use a variety of data, such as atlases, written materials, and statistical source materials to identify countries of the...

Analyze the human and physical geographic forces that either bind and unite (centripetal forces) or divide (centrifugal ...

Use maps, timelines, and other graphic representations to identify and describe the location, distribution, and main eve...

Analyze the impact of tourism on the physical and human environments of selected world regions. Predict the environmenta...

Analyze agricultural hearths and exchanges of crops among regions. Evaluate the impact of agriculture on the subsequent ...

Analyze global climate change forecasts for different parts of Earth and the implications of these changes for humans.

Explain the concepts of depopulation, steady, accelerating and exponential growth and apply these concepts to geographic...

Evaluate the emerging trends toward reducing environmental footprints.

Identify and describe the factors that explain how the local and regional human and physical environments of selected cu...

Map the development over time of world religions from their points of origin, and identify those that exhibit a high deg...

Analyze and assess the rise of fundamentalist movements in the world’s major religions during contemporary times (1980–p...

Map and analyze the distribution of the world's human population for different time periods, noting the population chara...

Identify and describe the push-pull factors that resulted in the migration of human population over time, and detect cha...

Analyze the changes in population characteristics and physical and human environments that resulted from the migration o...

Give examples of and evaluate how the physical and human environments in different regions have changed over time due to...

Analyze population trends in the local community, and suggest the impact of these trends on the future of the community ...

Analyze maps and assess ways that colonialism and imperialism have persisted and continue to evolve in the contemporary ...

Ask and answer geographic and historic questions about the origin and growth of towns, cities, and metropolitan areas in...

Describe, using a variety of texts (writing, maps, timelines, and/or other graphic representations), the worldwide trend...

Distinguish between violent and non-violent revolution(s). Use a variety of text (writing, maps, timelines and/or other ...

Use a variety of texts (writing, maps, timelines, and/or other graphic representations) to show the origin and spread of...

Map the spread of innovative art forms and scientific thought from their origins to other world regions. Analyze how the...

Compare and contrast the impact of the Industrial Revolution on developed countries with the economic processes acting u...

Recognize that conflict and cooperation among groups of people occur for a variety of reasons, including nationalist, ra...

Analyze the physical and human factors involved in conflicts and violence related to nationalist, racial, ethnic, religi...

Prepare a variety of texts (writing, maps, timelines, and/or other graphic representations) to trace the development and...

Use maps to show the location and distribution of Earth’s resources, and analyze how this distribution changes over time...

Prepare graphic representations, such as maps, tables, and timelines, to describe the global movement of goods and servi...

Use maps to identify regions in the world where particular natural disasters occur frequently, and analyze how the physi...

Identify and describe ways in which humans have used technology to modify the physical environment in order to settle ar...

Distinguish and assess the human and physical factors associated with the spread of selected epidemics and/or pandemics ...

Identify two or more Native American groups that existed and describe their contributions to what is now the state of In...

Summarize the impact immigration had on social movements of the era including the contributions of specific individuals ...

Describe the growth of unions and the labor movement and evaluate various approaches and methods used by different labor...

Describe and assess the impact of Indiana’s only president, Benjamin Harrison, on national policies including: environme...

Identify "separate but equal" policies and "Black Codes" in Indiana prior to the Plessy v. Ferguson case (1896). Analyze...

Explain the origins, goals, achievements, and limitations of the Progressive Movement in addressing political, economic,...

Assess the impact of the Women’s Suffrage Movement on the residents of Indiana.

Identify and analyze the social, cultural, and economic impacts of WWI on Indiana as well as Indiana's contributions to ...

Identify the social, political, economic, and cultural movements of the 1920s and analyze how these movements reflected ...

Assess the social and cultural impacts of the Red Scare, Prohibition, Religious Fundamentalism, the KKK, New Morality, a...

Describe technological developments during the 1920s and explain their impact on rural and urban Indiana.

Explain how European colonization and the development of Indiana impacted Native Americans.

Analyze the causes of the Great Depression and explain how they affected Indiana society.

Explain the significance of the expansion of federal power during the New Deal Era in the areas of agriculture, money an...

Analyze the causes and effects of American isolationism during the 1930s and the effect this policy had on America’s war...

Examine the causes and course of World War II, the effects of the war on Indiana’s society and culture, and the conseque...

Analyze the responses in Indiana resulting from Cold War tensions.

Summarize key economic and social developments and changes in post-WWII life in Indiana.

Summarize and assess the various actions which characterized the early struggle for civil rights and racial equality in ...

Examine the impact of the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s and 1970s in Indiana through the actions of leaders and gro...

Analyze the significance of state programs, policies, and legal rulings designed to improve the lives of Hoosiers.

Examine and analyze the involvement and sentiments of Hoosiers during the Vietnam War.

Read key documents from the Founding Era and analyze major ideas about government, individual rights, and the general we...

Explain the significance of social, economic, and political issues during the period 1980 to the present and the ways in...

Describe developing trends in science and technology and explain how they impact the lives of Hoosiers today.

Discuss and explain the significance of the rise of Indiana political leaders from 1980 to present.

Analyze the impact of globalization on Hoosier culture and Indiana’s policies, international connections, and technologi...

Conduct historical research that incorporates information literacy skills such as forming appropriate research questions...

Locate and analyze primary sources and secondary sources related to an event or issue of the past. Discover possible lim...

Analyze multiple, unexpected and complex causes and effects of events in the past.

Formulate and present a position or course of action on an issue by examining the underlying factors contributing to tha...

Research and describe the contributions of important Indiana artists and writers to the state and national cultural land...

Research Indiana’s modern growth emphasizing manufacturing, new technologies, transportation and global connections.

Explain the importance of the Revolutionary War and other key events and people that influenced the development of India...

Explain the significance of slavery, abolition, and social reform movements and their impact on the state of Indiana.

Describe causes and lasting effects of the Civil War and Reconstruction as well as the political controversies surroundi...

Analyze how the Civil War impacted individuals, families, and communities throughout Indiana. Explain how Hoosiers contr...

Describe the economic developments that transformed Indiana into a major industrial power and the factors necessary for ...

Explain key ideas, movements, and inventions and summarize their impact on rural and urban communities throughout Indian...

Interpret the Preamble of Indiana’s Constitution to explore the authors’ vision for Indiana’s government.

Describe and characterize individual rights, such as freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and the right to public edu...

Analyze and compare the major functions, responsibilities, and relationships of the legislative (Article 4), executive (...

Give examples of how citizens can participate in their state government and explain their rights and responsibilities, i...

Use a variety of resources to take a position or recommend a course of action on a public issue relating to Indiana’s pa...

Analyze the service of people from Indiana to national offices such as the presidency, vice-presidency, judiciary, and l...

Explain how census data affects the people of Indiana, legislative districts, and the allocation of federal dollars to s...

Use latitude and longitude to identify physical and human features of Indiana understanding their locational importance ...

Map and describe the physical regions of Indiana and identify major natural resources and land use regions.

Explain how glaciers shaped Indiana’s landscape and the contribution that glaciers had in terms of geology, fertile soil...

Identify the challenges early settlers faced regarding the physical landscape of Indiana and understand landscape challe...

Explain the importance of major transportation routes, including rivers, in the exploration, settlement and growth of In...

Identify immigration and migration patterns and describe their impact on the developments of agriculture, industry, mini...

Examine Indiana’s relationships with states, countries, and world regions and understand the significance of these relat...

Read and interpret texts (written, graphs, maps, imagery, timelines) to answer geographic questions about Indiana in the...

Identify geographic factors that led to the formation of state borders and understand the importance of said borders in ...

Describe the economic developments in Indiana that helped transform the U.S. into a major industrial power.

Summarize the impact of industrialization and immigration on social movements in Indiana from 1870-1900, including contr...

Explain the impact of “New” Immigration and the Great Migration on industrialization and urbanization in promoting econo...

Identify and explain the significance of federal programs, policies, and legal rulings designed to improve the lives of ...

Identify important organizations of economic growth in Indiana’s history.

Identify the skills needed to be economically successful in pioneer Indiana. Compare those skills to the skills needed t...

Analyze the economic, social, and environmental impact of technologies on the state.

Analyze how the concept of “Creative Destruction” has impacted communities throughout Indiana.

Assess the economic impact of Indiana universities on the development of the state’s economy.

Examine the rise and decline of industrial cities in Indiana.

Describe the growth of unions and the labor movement and evaluate various approaches and methods used by different labor...

Examine the migration of groups to Indiana for economic opportunity.

Describe the development of Hoosier culture after the pioneer era settled the land.

Examine the actions and policies of U.S. presidents, representatives, and senators from Indiana.

Identify and examine the culture of each region of the state.

Explain how Indiana traditions and customs have changed over time (1816 to present).

Identify and examine the impact that sports have had on the state of Indiana.

Examine the educational opportunities available for all Hoosier students throughout history.

Examine what it means to be a ‘Hoosier.’

Identify Indiana’s various state parks, national parks, historical sites, and their influence worldwide.

Identify and examine the impact of Indiana on the entertainment industry.

Define psychology as a discipline and identify its goals as a science.

Construct a testable hypothesis and apply the principles of research design to an appropriate experiment.

Locate and analyze primary sources of landmark experiments in psychology and other counter arguments.

Differentiate between research methods including descriptive, correlational, and experimental methods, decide when to us...

Create testable hypotheses pertaining to the interaction between independent and dependent variables and distinguish bet...

Distinguish between scientific and nonscientific research.

Describe the key concepts of the ethical guidelines as applied by the American Psychological Association regarding the u...

Define correlation coefficients and explain their appropriate interpretation.

Analyze human behavior (biological, evolutionary, behavioral, cognitive, humanistic, psychodynamic, sociocultural, biops...

Explain how nature and nurture influence human development.

Understand the six steps involved in critical thinking: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and ...

Describe the structure and function of the major regions of the brain; specifically the forebrain, hindbrain, midbrain, ...

Compare and contrast between the left and right hemispheres of the brain and identify how vision, motor, language, and o...

Describe the structure and function of the neuron and the basic process of neurotransmission, including the effect of ne...

Compare and contrast the methods for studying the brain (e.g., MRI, EEG, CT, FMRI, PET scan, lesion studies) and explain...

Identify the major divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system and describe how they function, and their effect on ...

Analyze the structure and function of the endocrine system and its effect on human behavior.

Identify and analyze the mechanisms for sensory input and the process of transduction which informs the brain of environ...

Explain the roles, effects, and outcomes of prenatal and postnatal development on human behavior.

Explain the physical, motor, and perceptual development of infants.

Describe the physical, motor, cognitive, and language development of children, including the importance of critical peri...

Describe the physical, cognitive, and moral changes that occur during adolescence, including the key foundational aspect...

Describe the major physical, cognitive, and social issues that accompany adulthood and aging.

Describe the theories of various developmental psychologists such as Piaget, Vygotsky, Freud, and Erikson.

Explain the process of learning, including principles of operant, classical, and observational.

Describe the processes of memory, including encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Differentiate between the three different stages of memory, including sensory, short-term, and long-term.

Identify the factors that affect retrieval (storage decay, proactive and retroactive interference) including memory diso...

Evaluate various strategies that can be used to improve memory encoding and retrieval.

Compare and contrast between explicit (semantic) and implicit (procedural) memory.

Discuss the obstacles and strategies involved in problem solving and explain the concept of learned helplessness.

Identify key psychologists in the fields of learning and cognition, including Pavlov, Skinner, and Bandura and explain t...

Identify the major personality theories involved in the study of personality and describe the main characteristics of th...

Distinguish between objective and projective techniques of personality assessment and give examples of each.

Describe and distinguish between eustress and distress.

Identify environmental factors that lead to stress and Adaptation Syndrome as a reaction to stress.

Describe and differentiate motivational theories as an explanation of what drives human behavior.

Evaluate the influences of variables, such as culture (belonging to an individualist or collectivist culture), family, a...

Describe the characteristics defining maladaptive behavior and its diagnostic criteria (deviant, distressful, dysfunctio...

Explain how both cultural and historical influences have affected the definition of maladaptive behavior, including the ...

Identify and describe the theories of maladaptive behaviors.

Discuss major categories of maladaptive behavior and distinguish which disorders (mood, anxiety, obsessive compulsive, s...

Describe availability and appropriateness of various modes of treatment and prevention for people, including different t...

Understand and identify social norms and how they differ across cultures.

Explain how perceptions and attitudes develop, including attribution theory, fundamental attribution error, actor-observ...

Analyze the studies that lead to current understandings of conformity, obedience, nonconformity, and compliance, includi...

Explain the concepts of group dynamics, including groupthink, deindividuation, social loafing, group polarization, and t...

Discuss the various types of conflict, including ingroup and outgroup bias, and the processes involved in conflict resol...

Explain how stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination influence behavior.

Define deviance and explore the functions deviance serves as identified by Emile Durkheim.

Identify formal and informal, as well as positive and negative forms of social control employed in our society.

Explore explanations of deviance such as the Strain Theory, the Differential Association Theory, and the Control Theory.

Identify deviant subcultures.

Examine labeling theory from a symbolic interactionist perspective.

Identify types of crime and their consequences.

Identify the consequences of the medicalization of deviance.

Explore theoretical foundations of punishment including retributive, rehabilitative, and deterrent.

Define sociology and trace its development as a distinct discipline.

Identify key figures in the development of the discipline of sociology.

Illustrate the relationship of sociology to the other social science disciplines, including history, economics, psycholo...

Explain the major theoretical perspectives (paradigms) common to sociology including structural functional, symbolic int...

Identify the research methods commonly used by sociologists including survey research, content/historical analysis, seco...

Distinguish fact from opinion in data source analysis.

Prepare original written and oral reports and presentations on sociological topics.

Define culture and identify the material and non-material components of culture.

Describe traditions, roles, and expectations necessary for a community to continue.

Explain the differences between the concepts: culture and society.

Identify and apply elements of nature vs. nurture in explaining human social behavior.

Identify American cultural values; differentiate between a heterogeneous society and homogenous society.

Identify examples of culture similarities and differences.

Explain the relationship between norms and values; explain how norms develop and change in a society; distinguish betwee...

Define and explore the characteristics of subcultures and countercultures.

Explain how functionalists, interactionists, and conflict theorists differ in their view of culture.

Discuss how innovations in science and technology affect social interaction and culture.

Define socialization as a process that takes place from birth to death, and how it changes throughout the life cycle.

Explore the contributions of George Herbert Mead and Charles Horton Cooley to the development of theories of self-concep...

Explain how symbolic communication allows for socialization and cultural transmission.

Identify the goals of socialization (transmission of culture including values inculcation, self-control, and social cont...

Identify the major agents of socialization and evaluate the role each plays (family, play group, peer group, school, mas...

Discuss how societies recognize rites of passage.

Define stratification as understood in sociology and describe its connection to ideology.

Compare the stratification of different societies along with its causes and effects.

Explore stratification from both functionalist and conflict perspectives.

Distinguish between the terms role, status, and esteem.

Explain how roles and role expectations can lead to role conflict and role strain.

Distinguish between biological (ascribed) status and socially assigned gender roles.

Explore how gender role socialization occurs.

Examine how language can reflect and reinforce traditional gender roles.

Explore how gender roles differ in different societies and how they change over time.

Compare and contrast various sociological perspectives of gender role socialization.

Define social groups as understood in sociology and distinguish groups from crowds and aggregates.

Identify both rights and responsibilities the individual has to the group.

Investigate how incorrect communications, such as rumors or gossip, can influence group behavior.

Distinguish between primary groups and secondary groups with examples of each.

Explore reasons for group formation; distinguish instrumental from expressive needs.

Explain the functions of groups both for individual group members and for society.

Explain how the importance of primary and secondary groups have changed over time, particularly in relation to pre-indus...

Describe leadership styles (authoritarian, democratic, laissez-faire) and the benefits and drawbacks of each.

Define ethnocentrism and cultural relativism and explain how they can be beneficial or destructive to a culture.

Define different types of groups (involuntary, voluntary, coercive, reference).

Explore the formation of group norms.

Define social institutions as being made up of norms and values, and explain their importance to society.

Identify basic social institutions and explain their impact on individuals, groups, and organizations within society and...

Discuss the concept of political power and factors that influence political power.

Conduct research and analysis on an issue associated with social structure or social institutions.

Examine one or more important social institutions (e.g., marriage, family, education, health care, judicial system, reli...

Examine how technological innovations and scientific discoveries have influenced major social institutions

Define propaganda and discuss the methods of propaganda used to influence social behavior.

Describe how and why societies change over time.

Discuss both the benefits and social costs of collective behavior in society.

Examine various social influences that can lead to immediate and long-term changes.

Describe how collective behavior can influence and change society.

Describe how the role of the mass media has changed over time and project what changes might occur in the future.

Distinguish major differences between social movements and collective behavior with examples.

Investigate the consequences of change to society.

Discuss theories that attempt to explain collective behavior.

Examine factors that could lead to the breakdown and disruption of an existing community.

Discuss the impact of leaders of different social movements.

Identify characteristics of a social problem as opposed to an individual problem.

Describe how social problems have changed over time.

Discuss the implications of social problems for society.

Examine how individuals and groups respond to social problems.

Evaluate possible solutions to social problems and the potential consequences.

Design school- and community-based projects to address a local aspect of a social problem.

Analyze a social issue.

Define and distinguish between civic life, political life, and private life, and describe the activities of individuals ...

Define the terms and explain the relationship between politics, government, and public policy.

Interpret and analyze the constitutional purposes and functions of government found in the Preamble of the United States...

Compare and contrast types of government including representative democracy, monarchy, oligarchy, totalitarianism, and a...

Compare and contrast unitary, confederate, and federal systems of government.

Define and provide historical and contemporary examples of constitutionalism, rule of law, limited government, and popul...

Evaluate how the United States Constitution establishes majority rule while protecting minority rights and balances the ...

Analyze how colonial, revolutionary, and Founding Era events helped to inform the Framers on the design, ratification, a...

Explain the concept of compromise and evaluate its application during the Constitutional Convention.

Analyze and interpret central ideas on government, individual rights, and the common good in founding documents of the U...

Explain and analyze historical and contemporary examples of Founding Era principles of American government including nat...

Explain how a shared American civic identity is grounded in Founding Era principles and values such as liberty, equality...

Analyze the United States Constitution, and explain characteristics of government in the United States, which define it ...

Examine the progression of political parties and their ideologies and the broad political spectrum in the American gover...

Analyze the functions of political parties in elections and government at national, state, and local levels of the feder...

Explain and evaluate the original purpose and role of the Electoral College and its relevance today.

Explain the organization of state and local governments in Indiana and analyze how they affect the lives of citizens.

Describe the influence of the media and technology on public opinion and public policy.

Explain the constitutional principles of federalism, separation of powers, the system of checks and balances, and republ...

Compare and contrast the enumerated, implied, and denied powers of legislatures in both the United States Constitution a...

Explain the relationships among branches of the United States government and Indiana government, which involve separatio...

Explain how a bill becomes law in the legislative process of the United States and the state of Indiana.

Describe the procedures for amending the United States and Indiana Constitutions, and analyze why it is so difficult to ...

Analyze the functions of the judicial branch of the United States and Indiana governments with emphasis on the principle...

Explain the electoral process in terms of election laws and election systems on the national, state, and local level.

Explain presidential elections and executive power by examining the presidency, including, but not limited to, election,...

Analyze powers the United States Constitution gives to the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government i...

Identify and explain world issues, including political, cultural, demographic, economic, and environmental challenges th...

Discuss specific foreign policy issues that impact local community and state interests.

Define the legal meaning of citizenship in the United States and identify the requirements for citizenship in the United...

Analyze the roles and responsibilities of citizens in Indiana and the United States.

Identify and describe the civil and constitutional rights found in the United States Constitution and Bill of Rights, an...

Explain when and why the Constitution allows the government to limit individual rights, focusing on how such limits must...

Explain and give examples of important citizen actions that can impact local, state, and federal government as individua...

Explain how and why citizens in the United States participate in public elections as voters and supporters of candidates...

Describe opportunities available to individuals to contribute to the well-being of their communities and participate res...

Use information from a variety of credible sources to analyze and discuss current American political issues, evaluating ...

Analyze and evaluate landmark Supreme Court opinions concerning civil rights and civil liberties, and explain their cons...

Analyze key documents from the Founding Era and major ideas about government, individual rights, and the general welfare...

Identify and summarize the causes and effects of slavery, the Civil War, abolitionism, social reform movements, and Reco...

Explain the causes of the Industrial Revolution and its social, political, and economic outcomes.

Analyze the political and social factors associated with the development of the West and impact on the lives of various ...

Analyze the development of “separate but equal” policies culminating in the Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) case. Explain the ...

Explain the debates surrounding America's entrance into global imperialism.

Explain the impact of political, social, and cultural movements of the Progressive Era, including significant individual...

Explain the constitutional significance of the following landmark decisions of the United States Supreme Court: Northern...

Analyze why the United States joined World War I and how the war affected the nation.

Describe the experiences of migrants from Europe, Asia, and the southern United States as they encountered and interacte...

Identify new cultural and technological movements of the 1920s, and explain their impacts on Americans.

Assess the causes of the resurgence of social movements, reform movements, and vigilante groups, including the Ku Klux K...

Analyze the causes of the Great Depression and its social, cultural, political, and economic impacts on all Americans.

Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the first and second New Deal, as well as the short- and long-term impacts.

Identify and explain key events at home and abroad from Versailles to Pearl Harbor that resulted in the United States' e...

Identify key leaders and events from World War II, and explain the significance of each.

Describe the policies that led up to the Holocaust and Hitler's state-sponsored "Final Solution" and explain the Allied ...

Explain the experiences of African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanic Americans, Native Americans, and women at war an...

Summarize the efforts the government made to convert to a wartime economy, how it affected Americans, and evaluate the s...

Describe the challenges involved with the enforcement of desegregation directives in Brown v. Board of Education of Tope...

Explain the constitutional, political, and cultural significance of the Watergate Scandal and the United States Supreme ...

Analyze key economic, cultural, political, and social changes in post-World War II American life.

Explain the origins and cultural, economic, and political implications of the Cold War.

Explain and analyze U.S. foreign policies and conflicts during the Cold War, including relations between the United Stat...

Explain the efforts of minority groups and women to assert their social, economic, and civic rights during this period.

Evaluate various methods and philosophies (e.g., Martin Luther King, Jr., the Black Panthers, Malcolm X) to bring about ...

Evaluate the presidential administrations from Truman to Carter, including domestic and foreign policy, programs, and le...

Describe developing trends in science and technology, and explain how they impacted the lives of Americans during the pe...

Identify and analyze the significance of key decisions of the Warren Court.

Explain the significance of social, economic, and political issues during the period 1980 to the present and how these i...

Describe developing trends in science, media, and technology (especially social media, the Internet, and computing), and...

Evaluate the presidential administrations from Reagan to the present, including domestic and foreign policy, programs, a...

Explain the background and effects of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on U.S. foreign and domestic policy.

Explain the causes and impacts of deindustrialization and globalization in the United States after 1980.

Explain the origins and the impacts of the American Conservative Revolution in the 1980s on the economic, political, cul...

Assess the decisions of the Supreme Court, especially those which address the contests among individual citizens, worker...

Evaluate and compare various social and political movements from 1980 to the present.

Use locational technology such as longitude, latitude, and remote sensing, Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and Geograph...

Evaluate the source of particular maps to determine possible biases.

Create and compare mental maps or personal perceptions of places. Explain how experiences and culture influence these pe...

Evaluate the applications of geographic tools (locational technologies) and supporting technologies to serve particular ...

Ask geographic questions and obtain answers from a variety of sources, such as books, atlases and other written material...

Give examples of how and why places and regions change or do not change over time.

Analyze and provide examples of ways in which people's changing views of places and regions reflect cultural changes; ex...

Explain how the concept of “region” is used as a way of categorizing, interpreting, and ordering complex information abo...

Define Earth’s physical systems: atmosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere. Categorize the elements of the nat...

Identify and account for the distribution pattern of the world’s climates, taking into account the Earth/Sun relationshi...

Describe the world patterns of natural vegetation and biodiversity and their relations to world climate patterns.

Explain and give examples of the physical processes that shape Earth’s surface that result in existing landforms and ide...

Illustrate and graph with precision the occurrence of earthquakes and tsunami and volcanic activity on Earth over a give...

Using maps, establish world patterns of population distribution, density, and growth. Relate population growth rates to ...

Describe and locate on maps the worldwide occurrence of the three major economic systems (traditional, command, and mark...

Compare the levels of economic development of countries of the world in terms of Gross Domestic Product per capita and k...

Explain the meaning of the word infrastructure and analyze its relationship to a country’s level of development. Compare...

Identify contemporary spatial patterns in the movement of goods, services, and ideas throughout the world.

Use global political, economic, cultural, or social flows to describe and illustrate interdependence between places, cou...

Describe and explain the worldwide trend toward urbanization and be able to graph the trend.

Explain and provide examples for how the internal structures of cities vary in different regions of the world.

Analyze the changing functions of cities over time.

Identify specific situations where human or cultural factors are involved in geographic conflict and identify different ...

Identify and report on the impact of international networks and organizations that connect countries and influence of pl...

Develop maps of human migration and settlement patterns at different times in history and compare them to the present.

Hypothesize about the impact of push factors and pull factors on human migration in selected regions and about changes i...

Evaluate the impact of human migration on physical and human systems (economic, government, environment, individuals, so...

Assess the changes and consequences of population growth or decline in various parts of the United States based on globa...

Map the distribution patterns and concentration areas of the world’s major religions and identify cultural features and ...

Map the distribution pattern of the world’s major languages. Map and explain the concept of a lingua franca in various p...

Explain how changes in communication and transportation technology contribute to the spread of ideas and to cultural con...

Identify patterns of economic activity in terms of primary (growing or extracting), secondary (manufacturing), tertiary ...

Map the occurrence and describe the effects of natural hazards throughout the world and explain ways to prepare for and ...

Analyze the possible effect of a natural disaster on the local community and devise plans to prepare for and respond to ...

Describe how and why the ability of people to use Earth’s resources to feed themselves has changed over time.

Identify patterns of world resource distribution and utilization, and explain the impacts of using renewable and nonrene...

Identify examples from different world regions, involving the use and management of resources. Explain how different poi...

Create basic policies designed to guide the use and management of Earth’s resources and that reflect multiple points of ...

Describe and evaluate social, cultural, and economic changes of small agriculture communities which led to the developme...

Identify the key components that make up a civilization and the key differences between civilizations and how people org...

Review the key elements of the development of early river valley civilizations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus River Va...

Examine the development and characteristics of early empires, such as Assyria, Persia, Israel, Minoan, and Zhou.

Examine the development of Judaism and the civilization of Ancient Israel, including the origins of monotheism, the sign...

Review the development and fundamental beliefs and features of major world religions and philosophies, including Hinduis...

Examine the development of Greek civilization, including differing political and social structures and major conflicts.

Trace the changes that culminated in the end of the Republic and the formation of the Roman Empire.

Analyze the causes, conditions, and consequences of the decline and fall of the western part of the Roman Empire.

Examine the significant achievements of the Greeks and Romans and their impact on the modern world.

Examine the origins, developments, and major achievements of civilizations in India, such as the Mauryan and Gupta empir...

Trace the developments and achievements of the Qin and Han Dynasties.

Compare and contrast the influence of Confucianism, Taoism, and Legalism on East Asian civilizations.

Analyze the impact of trade networks, such as the Silk Road and Indian Ocean trade network.

Examine the origins and spread of Islam, including Islam’s division into the Sunnis and Shiites, and Islam’s early impac...

Explain the role of Christianity as a unifying force in medieval Europe.

Explain the cultural, political, economic, and religious causes of the Crusades and their consequences for Europe and So...

Examine the key achievements of civilizations in Africa prior to European contact.

Compare and contrast the developments and achievements of the Maya, Aztec, and Inca civilizations.

Describe and explain the rise, expansion, and decline of the Mongol Empire and its impact on the development and expansi...

Examine the development of feudalism in Japan and its impact on Japanese society and government.

Examine the role of the Tang and Song Chinese dynasties in establishing political, social, economic, and cultural trends...

Trace the origins and developments of the European Renaissance and its impact throughout Western Europe.

Analyze the factors that led to the origin and spread of the Protestant Reformation, the Catholic Counter-Reformation, a...

Discuss the emergence of nation-states as well as the increased impact of the citizen as a result of the decline of the ...

Explain the consequences of and resistance to the conquests and colonization as a result of the worldwide voyages of exp...

Examine the reactions against European Exploration including reactions in China, Japan, Africa, and the Americas.

Explain the key developments of the Scientific Revolution and its impact on the world.

Explain the key ideas of the Enlightenment in European history, and describe its impact upon political and religious tho...

Examine the causes, events, and consequences of the Atlantic Revolutions, including the American, French, Haitian, and L...

Examine the economic, social, and political changes caused by the Industrial Revolution and their impact on the developm...

Analyze the causes and consequences of 19th century imperialism for Asia, Africa, and the Americas, including resistance...

Identify and explain the impact of nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and alliances on relationships between countrie...

Describe and analyze the global expansion of democracy and globalization in the late 20th century.

Investigate current global issues, such as terrorism, genocide, environmental issues, and globalization.

Trace major events and global consequences of World War I.

Explain the causes and consequences of the Russian Revolutions of 1917 and the establishment of the Union of Soviet Soci...

Identify the causes (i.e., social, political, militaristic, and economic) and key events of World War II, and analyze th...

Examine the causes, course, and effects of the Holocaust, including accounts of camp victims, survivors, liberators, and...

Explain the causes and consequences of the Cold War, and describe the role it played in ethnic or nationalistic conflict...

Describe the paths to decolonization and independence from colonial rule in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East.

Explain the origins of the modern State of Israel and the ongoing conflict with Palestine and the Arab World.

Trace the rise of communism in China including its foundations, the Cultural Revolution, and modern day developments.