CCSS.Math.Content.4.NBT.B.5
The standard
Multiply a whole number of up to four digits by a one-digit whole number, and multiply two two-digit numbers, using strategies based on place value and the properties of operations. Illustrate and explain the calculation by using equations, rectangular arrays, and/or area models.
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics · Number and Operations in Base Ten
What this standard means
Students need to multiply larger numbers without treating the algorithm like magic. They should break numbers apart by place value, use partial products, and connect the pieces to equations, arrays, or area models. They need to handle problems like 3 × 2,416 and 24 × 36, then explain why each part belongs.
Mastery looks like accurate products plus clear reasoning. A student can draw an area model, label each section, write matching equations, and combine partial products correctly. Common trouble spots are forgetting place value, lining up partial products poorly, and saying “add a zero” without understanding why.
Ways to teach it
- Hands-on activity: Use base-ten blocks or grid paper to build 23 × 14, then label each partial product before adding.
- Discussion or writing prompt: Explain why 36 × 27 can be split into 30 × 20, 30 × 7, 6 × 20, and 6 × 7.
- Quick assessment: Give 4 × 1,326 and 28 × 43, and ask students to solve with an area model and one equation.
- Real-world connection: Plan seating for a school event with 24 rows of 18 chairs, then show the total using partial products.
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Related standards
- CCSS.Math.Content.2.NBT.B.6
Add up to four two-digit numbers using strategies based on place value and properties of operations.
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- CCSS.Math.Content.3.NBT.A.3
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- CCSS.Math.Content.4.NBT.B.6
Find whole-number quotients and remainders with up to four-digit dividends and one-digit divisors, using strategies based on place value, the properties of oper...