Virginia SOL 2.10.c
The Standard
Reformers and Champions: Abraham Lincoln, Theodore Roosevelt, Helen Keller, Thurgood Marshall, Rosa Parks, Jackie Robinson, Cesar Chavez, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Sen. Daniel Inouye, John F. Kennedy, and Barack Obama.
Virginia Standards of Learning for History and Social Science
Teacher's field guide
What This Standard Means
What Students Need to Do
- Students identify each person and connect that person to a specific action or contribution. They explain how the action challenged unfairness, expanded opportunity, or served the country.
What Mastery Looks Like
- A student can match names, pictures, and contributions without using a vague phrase such as “helped people.” The student can compare how two people created change through protest, court action, public office, military service, advocacy, or sports.
Common Misconceptions
- Students often mix up the methods: Rosa Parks resisted bus segregation, Thurgood Marshall argued in court, and Martin Luther King Jr. led peaceful protests. They may think every person was a president or remember Helen Keller only for being blind and deaf, not for her advocacy.
How to Assess It
- Give students four names: Helen Keller, Thurgood Marshall, Jackie Robinson, and Cesar Chavez. Ask them to write or draw one action by each person and one change it helped produce.
Lesson moves
Ways to Teach It
Give pairs picture, name, action, and result cards, then have them build four matching sets and explain each match.
Ask, “Which person showed courage by challenging an unfair rule, and what changed because of that choice?”
Play Who Am I with clues about one person’s challenge, action, and contribution, then have students name the person and explain their answer.
Have students identify an unfair school situation and write a peaceful response inspired by Rosa Parks, Cesar Chavez, or Martin Luther King Jr.
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Printable 2.10.c Worksheet
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