Oklahoma Academic Standards

Duplicate patterns in a variety of contexts.

Sort and group up to 10 objects into a set based upon characteristics such as color, size, and shape. Explain verbally what the objects have in common.

Recognize, duplicate, complete, and extend repeating, increasing, and decreasing patterns in a variety of contexts (i.e., shape, color, size, objects, sounds, movement).

Collect, organize, and interpret categorical data.

Collect and organize information about objects and events in the environment.

Use categorical data to create real-object graphs and pictographs.

Draw conclusions from real-object graphs and pictographs.

Recognize and sort basic two-dimensional shapes; use two-dimensional and three-dimensional shapes to represent real-world objects.

Recognize squares, circles, triangles, and rectangles.

Sort two-dimensional objects using characteristics such as shape and size.

Identify attributes of two-dimensional shapes using informal and formal geometric language interchangeably, such as the number of corners/vertices and the number of sides/edges.

Use smaller two-dimensional shapes to fill in the outline of a larger two-dimensional shape.

Compose larger, undefined shapes and structures using three-dimensional objects.

Use basic shapes and spatial reasoning to represent objects in the real world.

Compare and order objects according to location and measurable attributes.

Use words to compare objects according to length, size, weight, position, and location.

Order up to 6 objects using measurable attributes, such as length and weight.

Identify more than one shared attribute between objects, and sort objects into sets.

Compare the number of objects needed to fill two different containers.

Tell time as it relates to daily life.

Develop an awareness of simple time concepts within daily life, using age-appropriate vocabulary (e.g., yesterday, today, tomorrow, morning, afternoon, night).

Understand the relationship between quantities and whole numbers.

Recognize that a number can be used to represent how many objects are in a set up to 10.

Use ordinal numbers to represent the position of an object in a sequence up to 10.

Recognize without counting (subitize) the quantity of a small group of objects in organized and random arrangements up to 10.

Count forward, with and without objects, from any given number up to 20.

Read, write, discuss, and represent whole numbers from 0 to at least 20. Representations may include numerals, pictures, real-object and pictographs, spoken words, and manipulatives.

Find a number that is 1 more or 1 less than a given number up to 10.

Compare and order whole numbers from 0 to 10 with and without objects, using the vocabulary "more than," "less than," or "equal to."

Develop conceptual understanding with addition and subtraction (up to 10) using objects and pictures.

Compose and decompose numbers up to 10 using objects and pictures.

Understand the relationship between whole numbers and fractions through fair share.

Distribute a set of objects into at least two smaller equal sets.

Identify coins by name.

Identify pennies, nickels, dimes, and quarters by name.

Identify patterns found in real-world and mathematical problems.

Identify, create, complete, and extend repeating, increasing, and decreasing patterns in a variety of contexts (e.g., quantity, numbers, or shapes).

Collect, organize, and interpret categorical and numerical data.

Collect, sort, and organize data in up to three categories using representations (e.g., tally marks, tables, Venn diagrams).

Use data to create pictographs and bar graphs that demonstrate one-to-one correspondence.

Draw conclusions from pictographs and bar graphs.

Recognize and compose two- and three-dimensional shapes.

Identify regular and irregular trapezoids and hexagons by pointing to the shape when given the name.

Compose larger, defined shapes using smaller two-dimensional shapes.

Compose structures with three-dimensional shapes.

Recognize three-dimensional shapes such as cubes, cones, cylinders, pyramids, and spheres.

Select and use nonstandard and standard units to describe length and volume/capacity.

Use nonstandard and standard measuring tools to measure the length of objects.

Illustrate that the length of an object is the number of same-size units of length that, when laid end-to-end with no gaps or overlaps, reach from one end of the object to the other.

Measure the same object/distance with units of two different lengths, and describe how and why the measurements differ.

Describe a length to the nearest whole unit using a number with standard and nonstandard units.

Use standard and nonstandard tools to identify volume/capacity. Compare and sort containers that hold more, less, or the same amount.

Describe and measure concepts of time.

Tell time to the hour and half-hour (analog and digital).

Describe and measure calendar time by days, weeks, months, and years.

Count, compare, and represent whole numbers up to 100, with an emphasis on grouping in terms of tens and ones.

Recognize numbers to 20 without counting (subitize) the quantity of structured arrangements.

Use concrete representations to describe whole numbers between 10 and 100 in terms of tens and ones. Know that 10 is equivalent to 10 ones and 100 is equivalent to 10 tens.

Read, write, discuss, and represent whole numbers up to 100. Representations may include numerals, words, addition and subtraction, pictures, tally marks, number lines, and manipulatives.

Count forward, with objects, from any given number up to 100 by 1s, 2s, 5s and 10s.

Count forward, without objects, by multiples of 1s, 2s, 5s, and 10s, up to 100.

Find a number that is 10 more or 10 less than a given number up to 100.

Compare and order whole numbers from 0 to 100.

Use knowledge of number relationships to locate the position of a given whole number, up to 20, on an open number line.

Use words such as "more than," "less than," and "equal to" to describe the relative value of numbers.

Solve addition and subtraction problems with sums and minuends of up to 10 in real-world and mathematical contexts.

Represent and solve problems using addition and subtraction with sums and minuends of up to 10.

Determine if equations involving addition and subtraction are true.

Demonstrate fluency with basic facts of addition and subtraction with sums and minuends of up to 10.

Develop foundational ideas for fractions.

Partition a regular polygon using physical models and recognize when those parts are equal.

Partition (fair share) sets of objects into two and three equal groups.

Identify coins and their values.

Identify pennies, nickels, dimes, and quarters by name and value.

Write a number with the cent symbol to describe the value of a coin.

Determine the value of a collection of pennies, nickels, or dimes up to one dollar, counting by 1s, 5s, and 10s.

Describe the relationship found in patterns to solve real-world and mathematical problems.

Represent, create, describe, complete, and extend increasing and decreasing patterns with quantity and numbers in a variety of contexts.

Represent and describe repeating patterns involving shapes in a variety of contexts.

Use number sentences involving unknowns to represent and solve realworld and mathematical problems.

Use objects and number lines to represent number sentences.

Generate models and situations to represent number sentences and vice versa.

Apply the commutative property, identity property, and number sense to find values for unknowns that make addition and subtraction number sentences true or false.

Collect, organize, and interpret data.

Explain that the length of a bar in a bar graph and the number of objects in a pictograph represents the number of data points for a given category.

Organize a collection of data with up to four categories using pictographs and bar graphs in intervals of 1s, 2s, 5s or 10s.

Write and solve one-step word problems involving addition or subtraction using data represented within pictographs and bar graphs with intervals of one.

Draw conclusions and make predictions from information in a pictograph and bar graph.

Analyze attributes of two- and three-dimensional figures and develop generalizations about their properties.

Recognize regular and irregular trapezoids and hexagons.

Describe, compare, and classify two-dimensional figures according to their geometric attributes.

Compose and decompose two-dimensional shapes using triangles, squares, hexagons, trapezoids, and rhombi.

Sort three-dimensional shapes based on attributes such as number of faces, vertices, and edges.

Recognize right angles and classify angles as smaller or larger than a right angle.

Understand length as a measurable attribute and explore capacity.

Explain the relationship between the size of the unit of measurement and the number of units needed to measure the length of an object.

Explain the relationship between length and the numbers on a ruler by using a ruler to measure lengths to the nearest whole unit.

Explore how varying shapes and styles of containers can have the same capacity.

Tell time to the quarter hour.

Distinguish between a.m. and p.m.

Read and write time to the quarter hour on an analog and digital clock.

Compare and represent whole numbers up to 1,000 with an emphasis on place value and equality.

Read, write, discuss, and represent whole numbers up to 1,000. Representations should include, but are not limited to, numerals, words, pictures, tally marks, number lines, and manipulatives.

Use knowledge of number relationships to locate the position of a given whole number, up to 100, on an open number line.

Use place value to describe whole numbers between 10 and 1,000 in terms of hundreds, tens, and ones, including written, standard, and expanded forms. Know that 10 is equivalent to 10 ones and 100 is equivalent to 10 tens.

Find 10 more or 10 less than a given three-digit number. Find 100 more or 100 less than a given three-digit number.

Use objects to determine whether a number is even or odd.

Use place value understanding to round numbers to the nearest ten and nearest hundred (up to 1,000). Recognize when to round in real-world situations.

Use place value to compare and order whole numbers up to 1,000 using comparative language, numbers, and symbols (e.g., 425 > 276, 73 < 107, page 351 comes after page 350, 753 is between 700 and 800).

Add and subtract one- and two-digit numbers in real-world and mathematical problems.

Use the relationship between addition and subtraction to generate basic facts with sums and minuends of up to 20.

Demonstrate fluency with basic facts of addition and subtraction with sums and minuends of up to 20.

Estimate sums and differences up to 100.

Use strategies and algorithms based on knowledge of place value and equality to add and subtract two-digit numbers.

Solve addition and subtraction problems involving whole numbers up to two digits.

Use concrete models and structured arrangements, such as repeated addition, arrays, and ten frames to develop an understanding of multiplication.

Explore the foundational ideas of fractions.

Identify the parts of a set and area that represent fractions for halves, thirds, and fourths.

Construct equal-sized portions through fair sharing (length, set, and area models for halves, thirds, and fourths).

Determine the value of a set of coins.

Determine the value of a collection of coins up to one dollar using the cent symbol.

Use a combination of coins to represent a given amount of money up to one dollar.

Describe and create representations of numerical and geometric patterns.

Create, describe, and extend patterns involving addition, subtraction, or multiplication to solve problems in a variety of contexts.

Describe the rule (limited to a single operation) for a pattern from an input/output table or function machine involving addition, subtraction, or multiplication.

Explore and develop visual representations of increasing and decreasing geometric patterns and construct the next steps.

Use number sentences involving multiplication and unknowns to represent and solve real-world and mathematical problems.

Use number sense with the properties of addition, subtraction, and multiplication, to find unknowns (represented by symbols) in one-step equations. Generate real-world situations to represent number sentences.

Identify, represent, and apply the number properties (commutative, identity, and associative properties of addition and multiplication) using models and manipulatives to solve problems.

Collect, organize, and analyze data.

Collect and organize a data set with multiple categories using a frequency table, line plot, pictograph, or bar graph with scaled intervals.

Solve one- and two-step problems using categorical data represented with a frequency table, pictograph, or bar graph with scaled intervals.

Analyze and use geometric attributes to describe and create polygons and three-dimensional figures in various contexts.

Sort three-dimensional shapes based on attributes.

Build a three-dimensional figure using unit cubes when shown a picture of a three-dimensional shape.

Classify angles within a polygon as acute, right, obtuse, and straight.

Understand measurable attributes of real-world and mathematical objects using various tools.

Find the perimeter of a polygon, given whole number lengths of the sides, using a variety of models.

Analyze why length and width are multiplied to find the area of a rectangle by decomposing the rectangle into one unit by one unit squares and viewing these as rows and columns to determine the area.

Count cubes systematically to identify the number of cubes needed to pack the whole or half of a three-dimensional structure.

Choose an appropriate measurement instrument and measure the length of objects to the nearest whole centimeter or whole meter.

Choose an appropriate measurement instrument and measure the length of objects to the nearest whole yard, whole foot, or half inch.

Use an analog thermometer to determine temperature to the nearest degree in Fahrenheit and Celsius.

Solve problems by telling time to the nearest five-minute interval.

Read and write time to the nearest five-minute interval (analog and digital).

Determine the solutions to problems involving addition and subtraction of time in intervals of five minutes, up to one hour, using pictorial models, number line diagrams, or other tools.

Compare and represent whole numbers up to 100,000 with an emphasis on place value and equality.

Read, write, discuss, and represent whole numbers up to 100,000. Representations should include but are not limited to numerals, words, pictures, number lines, and manipulatives (e.g., 350 = 3 hundreds, 5 tens = 35 tens = 3 hundreds, 4 tens, 10 ones).

Use place value to describe whole numbers between 1,000 and 100,000 in terms of ten thousands, thousands, hundreds, tens and ones, including written, standard, and expanded forms.

Applying knowledge of place values, use mental strategies (no written computations) to find 100 more or 100 less than a given number, 1,000 more or 1,000 less than a given number, and 10,000 more or 10,000 less than a given number, up to a five-digit number.

Use place value to compare and order whole numbers, up to 100,000, using comparative language, numbers, and symbols.

Use place value understanding to round numbers to the nearest thousand, ten-thousand and hundred thousand.

Solve real-world and mathematical problems using addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

Represent multiplication facts by modeling a variety of approaches (e.g., manipulatives, repeated addition, equal-sized groups, arrays, area models, equal jumps on a number line, skip counting).

Demonstrate fluency with multiplication facts using factors up to 10.

Use strategies and algorithms based on knowledge of place value and equality to fluently add and subtract up to five-digit numbers (answer not to exceed 100,000).

Recognize when to round numbers and apply understanding to estimate sums and differences to the nearest ten thousand, thousand, hundred, and ten.

Use addition and subtraction to solve problems involving whole numbers. Use various strategies, including the relationship between addition and subtraction and the context of the problem to assess the reasonableness of results.

Represent division facts and divisibility by modeling a variety of approaches (e.g., repeated subtraction, equal sharing, forming equal groups) to show the relationship between multiplication and division.

Apply the relationship between multiplication and division to represent and solve problems.

Use various strategies (e.g., base ten blocks, area models, arrays, repeated addition, algorithms) based on knowledge of place value, equality, and properties of addition and multiplication to multiply a two-digit factor by a one-digit factor.

Use and justify fractional representations in real-world and mathematical problems.

Read and write fractions with words and symbols using appropriate terminology (i.e., numerator and denominator).

Model fractions using length, set, and area for halves, thirds, fourths, sixths, and eighths.

Apply understanding of unit fractions and use this understanding to compose and decompose fractions related to the same whole.

Use models and number lines to order and compare fractions that are related to the same whole.

Determine the value of a set of coins and determine the value of a set of bills in monetary transactions.

Use addition and subtraction to determine the value of a collection of coins up to one dollar using the cent symbol and in monetary transactions.

Add and subtract a collection of bills up to twenty dollars using whole dollars in monetary transactions.

Describe, create, and analyze multiple representations of patterns to solve real-world and mathematical problems.

Create an input/output chart or table to represent or extend a numerical pattern.

Describe the single operation rule for a pattern from an input/output table or function machine involving any operation of a whole number.

Construct models to show growth patterns involving geometric shapes and define the single operation rule of the pattern.

Use multiplication and division with variables to create number sentences representing a given mathematical situation.

Use the relationships between multiplication and division with the properties of multiplication to solve problems and find values for variables that make number sentences true.

Solve for a variable in an equation involving addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division with whole numbers. Analyze models to represent number sentences and vice versa.

Determine the unknown addend or factor in equivalent and non-equivalent expressions (e.g., 5 + 6 = 4 + __, 3 ∙ 8 < 3 ∙ __).

Summarize, construct, and analyze data.

Create and organize data on a frequency table or line plot marked with whole numbers and fractions using appropriate titles, labels, and units.

Organize data sets to create tables, bar graphs, timelines, and Venn diagrams. The data may include benchmark fractions or decimals (1/4, 1/3, 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75).

Solve one- and two-step problems by analyzing data in whole number, decimal, or fraction form in a frequency table and line plot.

Name, describe, classify, and construct polygons and three-dimensional figures based on their attributes; recognize polygons and three-dimensional figures in real-life and mathematical situations.

Identify points, lines, line segments, rays, angles, endpoints, and parallel and perpendicular lines in various models.

Describe, classify, and construct quadrilaterals, including squares, rectangles, trapezoids, rhombuses, parallelograms, and kites. Recognize quadrilaterals in various models.

Given two three-dimensional shapes, identify each shape. Compare and contrast their similarities and differences based on their attributes.

Recognize and measure attributes in real-world and mathematical situations using various tools.

Measure angles in geometric figures and real-world objects with a protractor or angle ruler.

Find the area of polygons by determining if they can be decomposed into rectangles.

Develop the concept that the volume of rectangular prisms with whole-number edge lengths can be found by counting the total number of same-sized unit cubes that fill a shape without gaps or overlaps. Use a variety of tools and create models to determine the volume using appropriate measurements (e.g., cm³).

Choose an appropriate instrument to measure the length of an object to the nearest whole centimeter or quarter inch.

Recognize and use the relationship between inches, feet, and yards to measure and compare objects.

Recognize and use the relationship between millimeters, centimeters, and meters to measure and compare objects.

Determine and justify the best use of customary and metric measurements in a variety of situations (liquid volumes, mass vs. weight, temperatures above 0 (zero) degrees, and length).

Determine elapsed time and convert between units of time.

Determine elapsed time.

Convert one measure of time to another including seconds to minutes, minutes to hours, hours to days, and vice versa, using various models.

Compare and represent whole numbers up to 1,000,000 with an emphasis on place value and equality.

Read, write, discuss, and represent whole numbers up to 1,000,000. Representations may include numerals, words, pictures, number lines, and manipulatives.

Use place value to describe whole numbers between 1,000 and 1,000,000 in terms of millions, hundred thousands, ten thousands, thousands, hundreds, tens, and ones with written, standard, and expanded forms.

Applying knowledge of place value, use mental strategies (no written computations) to multiply or divide a number by 10, 100 and 1,000.

Use place value to compare and order whole numbers up to 1,000,000, using comparative language, numbers, and symbols.

Solve real-world and mathematical problems using multiplication and division.

Demonstrate fluency with multiplication and division facts with factors up to 12.

Multiply 3-digit by 1-digit and 2-digit by 2-digit whole numbers, using various strategies, including but not limited to standard algorithms.

Estimate products of 3-digit by 1-digit and 2-digit by 2-digit whole number factors using a variety of strategies (e.g., rounding, front end estimation, adjusting, compatible numbers) to assess the reasonableness of results. Explore larger numbers using technology to investigate patterns.

Apply and analyze models to solve multi-step problems requiring the use of addition, subtraction, and multiplication of multi- digit whole numbers. Use various strategies, including the relationship between operations, the use of appropriate technology, and the context of the problem to assess the reasonableness of results.

Use strategies and algorithms (e.g., mental strategies, standard algorithms, partial quotients, repeated subtraction, the commutative, associative, and distributive properties) based on knowledge of place value, equality, and properties of operations to divide a 3-digit dividend by a 1-digit whole number divisor, with and without remainders.

Represent and compare fractions and decimals in real-world and mathematical situations; use place value to understand decimal quantities.

Represent and rename equivalent fractions using fraction models (e.g., parts of a set, area models, fraction strips, number lines).

Use benchmark fractions (0, 1/4, 1/3, 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 1) to locate additional fractions with denominators up to twelfths on a number line.

Use models to order and compare whole numbers and fractions less than and greater than one, using comparative language and symbols.

Decompose a fraction into a sum of fractions with the same denominator in more than one way, using concrete and pictorial models and recording results with numerical representations (e.g., 3/4 = 1/4 + 1/4 + 1/4 and 3/4 = 2/4 + 1/4).

Use models to add and subtract fractions with like denominators.

Represent tenths and hundredths with concrete and pictorial models, making connections between fractions and decimals.

Read and write decimals in standard, word, and expanded form up to at least the hundredths place in a variety of contexts, including money.

Compare and order decimals and whole numbers using place value and various models including but not limited to grids, number lines, and base 10 blocks.

Compare and order benchmark fractions (0, 1/4, 1/3, 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 1) and decimals (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00) in a variety of representations.

Determine the value of bills and coins in order to solve monetary transactions.

Select the fewest number of coins for a given amount of money up to one dollar.

Given a total cost (dollars and coins up to twenty dollars) and amount paid (dollars and coins up to twenty dollars), find the change required in a variety of ways.

Describe and graph patterns of change created through numerical patterns.

Use tables and rules with up to two operations to describe patterns of change and make predictions and generalizations about various mathematical situations.

Use a rule or table to represent ordered pairs of whole numbers and graph these ordered pairs on a coordinate plane, identifying the origin and axes in relation to the coordinates.

Understand and interpret expressions, equations, and inequalities involving variables and whole numbers, and use them to represent and evaluate real-world and mathematical problems.

Generate equivalent numerical expressions and solve problems using number sense involving whole numbers by applying the commutative property, associative property, distributive property, and order of operations (excluding exponents).

Determine whether an equation or inequality involving a variable is true or false for a given value of the variable.

Evaluate expressions involving variables when values for the variables are given.

Create and analyze data to find the range and measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode).

Find the measures of central tendency (i.e., mean, median, mode) and range of a set of data. Understand that the mean is a "leveling out" or central balance point of the data.

Create and analyze line and double-bar graphs with increments of whole numbers, fractions, and decimals.

Describe, identify, classify, and construct two- and three-dimensional figures using their geometric attributes.

Describe, identify, classify, and construct triangles (equilateral, right, scalene, isosceles) by their attributes using various mathematical models.

Describe, identify, and classify three-dimensional figures (cubes, rectangular prisms, and pyramids) and their attributes (number of edges, faces, vertices, shapes of faces), given various mathematical models.

Recognize and draw a net for a three-dimensional figure (cube, rectangular prism, pyramid).

Determine volume using the object's dimensions. Compare and analyze rectangular prisms with equivalent volume to recognize their different dimensions.

Determine the volume of rectangular prisms by the number of unit cubes (n) used to construct the shape and by the product of the dimensions of the prism a · b · c = n. Understand rectangular prisms of different dimensions (p, q, and r) can have the same volume if a · b · c = p · q · r = n

Estimate the perimeter of polygons and create arguments for reasonable perimeter values of shapes that may include curves.

Understand angle, length, weight, and capacity as measurable attributes of real-world and mathematical objects, using various tools to measure them. Solve real-world problems of length.

Measure and compare angles according to size using various tools.

Measure the length of an object to the nearest whole centimeter or up to 1/16 inch using an appropriate instrument.

Apply the relationship between inches, feet, and yards to measure, convert, and compare objects to solve problems.

Apply the relationship between millimeters, centimeters, and meters to measure, convert, and compare objects to solve problems.

Estimate lengths and geometric measurements to the nearest whole unit, using benchmarks in customary and metric measurement systems.

Read, write, represent, and compare fractions and decimals; recognize and write equivalent fractions; convert between fractions and decimals; use fractions and decimals in real-world and mathematical situations.

Represent decimal fractions (e.g., 1/10, 1/100) using a variety of models (e.g., 10 by 10 grids, base-ten blocks, meter stick) and show the rational number relationships among fractions, decimals, and whole numbers.

Read, write, and represent decimals using place value to describe decimal numbers including fractional numbers as small as thousandths and whole numbers up to seven digits.

Compare and order decimals and fractions, including mixed numbers and fractions less than one, and locate on a number line.

Recognize and generate equivalent terminating decimals, fractions, mixed numbers, and fractions in various models.

Divide multi-digit numbers and solve real-world and mathematical problems using arithmetic.

Estimate solutions to division problems to assess the reasonableness of results.

Divide multi-digit numbers, by one- and two-digit divisors, based on knowledge of place value, including but not limited to standard algorithms.

Recognize that remainders can be represented in a variety of ways, including a whole number, fraction, or decimal. Determine the most meaningful form of a remainder based on the context of the problem.

Construct models to solve multi-digit whole number problems requiring addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division using various representations, including the inverse relationships between operations, the use of technology, and the context of the problem to assess the reasonableness of results.

Add and subtract fractions with like and unlike denominators, mixed numbers, and decimals to solve real-world and mathematical problems.

Estimate sums and differences of fractions with like and unlike denominators, mixed numbers, and decimals to assess the reasonableness of the results.

Illustrate addition and subtraction of fractions with like and unlike denominators, mixed numbers, and decimals using a variety of mathematical models (e.g., fraction strips, area models, number lines, fraction rods).

Add and subtract fractions with like and unlike denominators, mixed numbers, and decimals, involving money, measurement, geometry, and data. Use various models and efficient strategies, including but not limited to standard algorithms.

Apply mental math and knowledge of place value (no written computations) to find 0.1 more or 0.1 less than a number, 0.01 more or 0.01 less than a number, and 0.001 more or 0.001 less than a number.

Recognize and represent relationships between varying quantities; translate from one representation to another; use patterns, tables, graphs, and rules to model and solve mathematical problems.

Plot integer- and rational-valued (limited to halves and fourths) ordered-pairs as coordinates in all four quadrants and recognize the reflective relationships among coordinates that differ only by their signs.

Represent relationships between two varying positive quantities involving no more than two operations with rules, graphs, and tables; translate between any two of these representations.

Use and evaluate variables in expressions, equations, and inequalities that arise from various contexts, including determining when or if, for a given value of the variable, an equation or inequality involving a variable is true or false.

Use properties of arithmetic to generate equivalent numerical expressions and evaluate expressions involving positive rational numbers.

Generate equivalent expressions and evaluate expressions involving positive rational numbers by applying the commutative, associative, and distributive properties and order of operations to model and solve mathematical problems.

Use equations and inequalities to model and solve mathematical problems and use the idea of maintaining equality to solve equations. Interpret solutions in the original context.

Model mathematical situations using expressions, equations and inequalities involving variables and rational numbers.

Use number sense and properties of operations and equality to model and solve mathematical problems involving equations in the form x + p = q and px = q, where p and q are nonnegative rational numbers. Graph the solution on a number line, interpret the solution in the original context, and assess the reasonableness of the solution.

Interpret and analyze data.

Interpret the mean, median, and mode for a set of data.

Explain and justify which measure of center (mean, median, or mode) would provide the most descriptive information for a given set of data.

Use probability to model and solve mathematical problems; represent probabilities using fractions and decimals.

Represent possible outcomes using a probability continuum from impossible to certain.

Determine the sample space for a given experiment and determine which members of the sample space are related to certain events. Sample space may be determined by the use of tree diagrams, tables or pictorial representations.

Demonstrate simple experiments in which the probabilities are known and compare the resulting relative frequencies with the known probabilities, recognizing that there may be differences between the two results.

Use translations, reflections, and rotations to establish congruence and understand symmetry (not on a coordinate plane).

Predict, describe, and apply translations (slides), reflections (flips), and rotations (turns) to a two-dimensional figure.

Recognize that translations, reflections, and rotations preserve congruence and use them to show that two figures are congruent.

Identify and describe the line(s) of symmetry in two-dimensional shapes.

Use mathematical modeling to calculate the area of squares, parallelograms, and triangles to solve problems.

Develop and use formulas for the area of squares and parallelograms using a variety of methods including but not limited to the standard algorithms and finding unknown measures.

Develop and use formulas to determine the area of triangles and find unknown measures.

Find the area of right triangles, other triangles, special quadrilaterals, and polygons that can be decomposed into triangles and other shapes.

Understand and use relationships between angles in geometric figures.

Solve problems using the relationships between the angles (vertical, complementary, and supplementary) formed by intersecting lines.

Develop and use the fact that the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180̊ to determine missing angle measures in a triangle.

Choose appropriate units of measurement and use ratios to convert within measurement systems to model and solve real-world and mathematical problems.

Estimate weights and capacities using benchmarks in customary and metric measurement systems with appropriate units.

Solve problems that require the conversion of lengths within the same measurement systems using appropriate units.

Read, write, and represent rational numbers expressed as integers, fractions, decimals, percents, and ratios; use these representations in real-world and mathematical situations.

Use manipulatives and models (e.g., number lines) to determine positive and negative numbers and their contexts, identify opposites, and explain the meaning of 0 (zero) in a variety of situations.

Compare and order positive rational numbers, represented in various forms, or integers using the symbols "<", ">", and "=".

Explain that a percent represents parts "out of 100" and ratios "to 100."

Determine equivalencies among fractions, mixed numbers, decimals, and percents.

Read, write, and model whole number and integer operations to solve problems.

Estimate solutions for integer addition and subtraction of problems in order to assess the reasonableness of results.

Illustrate addition and subtraction of integers using a variety of representations.

Add and subtract integers in a variety of situations; use efficient and generalizable procedures including but not limited to standard algorithms.

Identify and represent patterns with whole-number exponents and perfect squares. Evaluate powers with whole-number bases and exponents.

Factor whole numbers and express prime and composite numbers as a product of prime factors with exponents.

Determine the greatest common factors and least common multiples. Use common factors and multiples to calculate with fractions, find equivalent fractions, and express the sum of two-digit numbers with a common factor using the distributive property.

Explain and use the concept of ratio and its relationship to other rational numbers and to the multiplication and division of whole numbers. Use ratios to solve problems.

Identify and use ratios to compare and relate quantities in multiple ways. Recognize that multiplicative comparison and additive comparison are different.

Determine the unit rate for ratios.

Apply the relationship between ratios, equivalent fractions, unit rates, and percents to solve problems in various contexts.

Multiply and divide decimals, fractions, and mixed numbers; solve real-world and mathematical problems with rational numbers.

Estimate solutions to problems with whole numbers, decimals, fractions, and mixed numbers, and use the estimates to assess the reasonableness of results in the context of the problem.

Illustrate multiplication and division of fractions and decimals to show connections to fractions, whole number multiplication, and inverse relationships.

Multiply and divide fractions and decimals using efficient and generalizable procedures.

Use mathematical modeling to solve and interpret problems including money, measurement, geometry, and data requiring arithmetic with decimals, fractions and mixed numbers.

Explain the concept of proportionality in mathematical models and situations and distinguish between proportional and non-proportional relationships.

Identify a relationship between two varying quantities, x and y, as proportional if it can be expressed in the form y/x = k or y = kx; distinguish proportional relationships from non-proportional relationships.

Recognize that the graph of a proportional relationship is a line through the origin and the coordinate (1, r), where r is the slope and the unit rate (constant of proportionality, k).

Identify and justify proportional relationships using mathematical models and situations; solve problems involving proportional relationships and interpret results in the original context.

Represent proportional relationships with tables, verbal descriptions, symbols, and graphs; translate from one representation to another. Determine and compare the unit rate (constant of proportionality, slope, or rate of change) given any of these representations.

Use proportional reasoning to solve problems involving ratios.

Use proportional reasoning to assess the reasonableness of solutions.

Represent mathematical situations using equations and inequalities involving variables and rational numbers.

Write and solve problems leading to linear equations with one variable in the form px + q = r and p(x + q) = r, where p, q, and r are rational numbers.

Represent, write, solve, and graph problems leading to linear inequalities with one variable in the form x + p > q and x + p < q, where p, and q are nonnegative rational numbers.

Use order of operations and properties of operations to generate and evaluate equivalent numerical and algebraic expressions.

Use properties of operations (associative, commutative, and distributive) to generate equivalent numerical and algebraic expressions containing rational numbers, grouping symbols and whole number exponents.

Evaluate numerical expressions using calculators and other technologies and justify solutions using order of operations and grouping symbols.

Interpret and analyze data, creating the most appropriate display, using a variety of tools.

Design simple experiments, collect data, and calculate measures of center (mean, median, and mode) and spread (range and interquartile range). Use these quantities to draw conclusions about the data collected and make predictions.

Use reasoning with proportions to display and interpret data in circle graphs (pie charts) and histograms.

Use technology to create and analyze box plots.

Calculate and use proportional reasoning with probabilities to model and solve mathematical problems.

Determine the theoretical probability of an event using the ratio between the size of the event and the size of the sample space; represent probabilities as percents, fractions and decimals between 0 and 1.

Calculate probability as a fraction of sample space or as a fraction of area. Express probabilities as percents, decimals and fractions.

Use proportional reasoning to draw conclusions about and predict relative frequencies of outcomes based on theoretical probabilities.

Develop and understand the concept of surface area and volume of rectangular prisms with rational-valued edge lengths.

Recognize that the surface area of a rectangular prism can be found by finding the area of each component of the net of that figure. Know that rectangular prisms of different dimensions can have the same surface area.

Using a variety of tools and strategies, develop the concept that surface area of a rectangular prism can be found by wrapping the figure with same-sized square units without gaps or overlap. Use appropriate measurements (e.g., cm²).

Using a variety of tools and strategies, develop the concept that the volume of rectangular prisms can be found by counting the total number of same-sized unit cubes that fill a shape without gaps or overlaps. Use appropriate measurements (e.g., cm³).

Use mathematical models and problems to calculate and justify the area of trapezoids and the area and perimeter of composite figures with rational measurements.

Develop and use the formula to determine the area of a trapezoid.

Find the area and perimeter of composite figures.

Use mathematical models and reasoning with proportions and ratios to determine measurements, justify formulas, and solve problems.

Solve problems that require the conversion of weights and capacities within the same measurement systems using appropriate units.

Demonstrate an understanding of the proportional relationship between the diameter and circumference of a circle and that the unit rate (constant of proportionality) is pi (π) and can be approximated by rational numbers such as 22/7 and 3.14.

Calculate the circumference and area of circles to solve problems in various contexts, in terms of pi (π) and using approximations for pi (π).

Analyze the effect of translations, reflections, rotations, and dilations on the attributes of two-dimensional figures on and off the coordinate plane.

Describe the properties of similarity, compare geometric figures for similarity, and determine scale factors resulting from dilations.

Apply proportions, ratios, and scale factors to solve problems involving scale drawings and to determine side lengths and areas of similar triangles and rectangles.

Graph and describe translations (with directional and algebraic instructions), reflections across the x- and y-axes, and rotations in 90̊ increments about the origin of figures on a coordinate plane, and determine the coordinates of the vertices of a figure after a transformation.

Read, write, represent, and compare rational numbers, expressed as integers, fractions, and decimals. Explain and apply the concept of absolute value.

Compare and order rational numbers expressed in various forms using the symbols "<", ">", and "=".

Recognize and generate equivalent representations of rational numbers, including equivalent fractions.

Explain the relationship between the absolute value of a rational number and the distance of that number from zero on a number line. Use the symbol for absolute value. Apply the concept of absolute value to model and solve problems.

Calculate with rational numbers, with and without positive integer exponents, to model and solve mathematical problems.

Estimate solutions to multiplication and division of integers in order to assess the reasonableness of results.

Illustrate multiplication and division of integers using a variety of representations.

Multiply and divide integers in a variety of situations; use efficient and generalizable procedures, including standard algorithms.

Raise rational numbers (integers, fractions, and decimals) to positive integer exponents.

Model and solve problems using rational numbers involving addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and positive integer exponents.

Explain the concept of function in mathematical situations and distinguish between the concepts of linear and nonlinear functions.

Recognize that a function is a relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable in which the value of the independent variable determines the value of the dependent variable.

Use linear functions to represent and model mathematical situations.

Identify a function as linear if it can be expressed in the form y=mx + b or if its graph is a non-vertical straight line.

Identify and justify linear functions using mathematical models and situations; solve problems involving linear functions and interpret results in the original context.

Represent linear functions with tables, verbal descriptions, symbols, and graphs; translate from one representation to another.

Identify, describe, and analyze linear relationships between two variables.

Identify graphical properties of linear functions, including slope and intercepts. Know that the slope equals the rate of change, and that the y-intercept is zero when the function represents a proportional relationship.

Predict the effect on the graph of a linear function when the slope or y-intercept changes. Use appropriate tools to examine these effects.

Solve problems involving linear functions and interpret results in the original context.

Generate equivalent numerical and algebraic expressions and use algebraic properties to evaluate expressions.

Use substitution to simplify and evaluate algebraic expressions.

Justify steps in generating equivalent expressions by combining like terms and using order of operations (to include grouping symbols). Identify the properties used, including the properties of operations (associative, commutative, and distributive).

Represent and solve problems using mathematical models and situations with equations and inequalities involving linear expressions.

Solve mathematical problems using linear equations with one variable where there could be one, infinitely many, or no solutions. Represent situations using linear equations and interpret solutions in the original context.

Represent, write, solve, and graph problems leading to linear inequalities with one variable in the form px + q > r and px + q < r, where p, q, and r are rational numbers.

Represent real-world situations using equations and inequalities involving one variable.

Display and interpret data in a variety of ways, including using scatter plots and approximate lines of best fit. Use the line of best fit and average rate of change to make predictions and draw conclusions about data.

Describe the impact that inserting or deleting a data point has on the mean and the median of a data set. Create data displays using technology to examine this impact.

Explain how outliers affect measures of center and spread.

Collect, display, and interpret data using scatter plots. Use the shape of the scatter plot to find the informal line of best fit, make statements about the average rate of change, and make predictions about values not in the original data set. Use appropriate titles, labels, and units.

Calculate experimental probabilities and reason about probabilities to model and solve problems.

Calculate experimental probabilities and represent them as percents, fractions, and decimals between 0 and 1. Use experimental probabilities to predict relative frequencies when actual probabilities are unknown.

Determine how samples are chosen (randomness) to draw and support conclusions about generalizing a sample to a population, including identifying limitations and biases.

Define, compare, and contrast the probabilities of dependent and independent events.

Apply the Pythagorean theorem to solve problems involving triangles.

Justify the Pythagorean theorem using measurements, diagrams, or dynamic software to solve problems in two dimensions involving right triangles.

Justify and use formulas to calculate surface area and volume of three-dimensional figures.

Calculate the surface area of a rectangular prism using decomposition or nets. Use appropriate units (e.g., cm²).

Calculate the surface area of a cylinder, in terms of pi (Π) and using approximations for pi (Π), using decomposition or nets. Use appropriate units (e.g., cm²).

Justify why base area (B) and height (h) in the formula V=Bh are multiplied to find the volume of a rectangular prism. Use appropriate units (e.g., cm³).

Develop and use the formulas V = (πr)h and V = Bh to determine the volume of right cylinders, in terms of π and using approximations for pi (Τ). Justify why base area (B) and height (h) are multiplied to find the volume of a right cylinder. Use appropriate units (e.g., cm³).

Read, write, compare, classify, and represent real numbers, and use them to solve problems in various contexts.

Develop and apply the properties of integer exponents, including a0= 1 (with a ≠ 0), to generate equivalent numerical and algebraic expressions.

Express and compare approximations of very large and very small numbers using scientific notation.

Multiply and divide numbers expressed in scientific notation and express the answer in scientific notation.

Compare and order real numbers; locate real numbers on a number line. Identify the square roots of perfect squares to 400 or, if it is not a perfect square root, locate it as an irrational number between two consecutive positive integers.

Represent and solve mathematical and real-world problems using linear equations, absolute value equations, and systems of equations; interpret solutions in the original context.

Use knowledge of solving equations with rational values to represent, use and apply mathematical models (e.g., angle measures, geometric formulas, dimensional analysis, Pythagorean theorem, science, statistics) and interpret the solutions in the original context.

Solve absolute value equations and interpret the solutions in the original context.

Analyze, use and apply mathematical models to solve problems involving systems of linear equations with a maximum of two variables by graphing, substitution, and elimination. Graphing calculators or other appropriate technology may be utilized. Interpret the solutions in the original context.

Represent and solve real-world and mathematical problems using linear inequalities and compound inequalities; interpret solutions in the original context.

Represent relationships using mathematical models with linear inequalities; solve the resulting inequalities, graph on a coordinate plane, and interpret the solutions.

Represent relationships using mathematical models with compound and absolute value inequalities and solve the resulting inequalities by graphing and interpreting the solutions on a number line.

Create and evaluate equivalent algebraic expressions and equations using algebraic properties.

Solve equations involving several variables for one variable in terms of the others.

Simplify polynomial expressions by adding, subtracting, or multiplying.

Factor common monomial factors from polynomial expressions and factor quadratic expressions with a leading coefficient of 1.

Evaluate linear, absolute value, rational, and radical expressions. Include applying a nonstandard operation such as x ☉ y=2x + y

Analyze real-world and mathematical problems involving linear equations.

Analyze, use and apply mathematical models and other data sets (e.g., graphs, equations, two points, a set of data points) to calculate and interpret slope and the x- and y-intercepts of a line.

Analyze and interpret mathematical models involving lines that are parallel, perpendicular, horizontal, and vertical.

Write the equation of the line given its slope and y-intercept, slope and one point, two points, x- and y-intercepts, or a set of data points.

Express linear equations in slope-intercept, point-slope, and standard forms. Convert between these forms.

Analyze and interpret associations between graphical representations and written scenarios.

Display, describe, and compare data. For linear relationships, make predictions, and assess the reliability of those predictions.

Display, describe, and compare data sets using summary statistics (central tendency and spread (range)). Utilize technology (e.g., spreadsheets, calculators) to display data and calculate summary statistics.

Collect data and analyze scatter plots for patterns, linearity, and outliers.

Make predictions based upon the linear regression, and use the correlation coefficient to assess the reliability of those predictions using graphing technology.

Calculate probabilities, and apply probability concepts.

Apply simple counting procedures (factorials, permutations, combinations, and tree diagrams) to determine sample size, sample space, and calculate probabilities.

Given a Venn diagram, determine the probability of the union of events, the intersection of events, and the complement of an event. Understand the relationships between these concepts and the words "AND," "OR," and "NOT."

Use simulations and experiments to calculate experimental probabilities.

Apply probability concepts to real-world situations to make informed decisions.

Understand functions as descriptions of covariation (how related quantities vary together) in real-world and mathematical problems.

Distinguish between relations and functions.

Identify the dependent variable, independent variable, domain and range given a function, equation, or graph. Identify restrictions on the domain and range in mathematical models.

Write linear functions, using function notation, to represent mathematical models.

Read and interpret the linear piecewise function, given a graph modeling a situation.

Interpret graphs as being discrete or continuous.

Recognize and understand that families of functions are defined by their characteristics.

Distinguish between linear and nonlinear (including exponential) functions. Understand that linear functions grow by equal intervals (arithmetic) and that exponential functions grow by equal factors over equal intervals (geometric).

Recognize the parent functions f(x) = x and f(x) = |x|. Predict the effects of vertical and horizontal transformations f(x + c) and f(x) + c, algebraically and graphically.

Represent functions in multiple ways and use the representation to interpret real-world and mathematical problems.

Identify and generate equivalent representations of linear functions, graphs, tables, and real-world situations.

Use function notation; evaluate a function, including nonlinear, at a given point in its domain algebraically and graphically. Interpret the results in terms of the original context.

Add, subtract, and multiply functions using function notation.

Extend the understanding of exponents to include square roots and cube roots.

Write square roots and cube roots of constants and monomial algebraic expressions in simplest radical form.

Add, subtract, multiply, divide, and simplify square roots of constants, rationalizing the denominator when necessary.

Represent and solve mathematical and real-world problems using nonlinear equations, systems of linear equations, and systems of linear inequalities; interpret the solutions in the original context.

Use mathematical models to represent quadratic relationships and solve using factoring, completing the square, the quadratic formula, and various methods (including graphing calculator or other appropriate technology). Find non-real roots when they exist.

Use mathematical models to represent exponential relationships, such as compound interest, depreciation, and population growth. Solve these equations algebraically or graphically (including graphing calculator or other appropriate technology).

Solve one-variable rational equations and check for extraneous solutions.

Solve polynomial equations with real roots using various methods (e.g., polynomial division, synthetic division, using graphing calculators or other appropriate technology).

Solve square and cube root equations with one variable, and check for extraneous solutions.

Solve common and natural logarithmic equations using the properties of logarithms.

Represent and evaluate mathematical models using systems of linear equations with a maximum of three variables. Graphing calculators or other appropriate technology may be used.

Use tools to solve systems of equations containing one linear equation and one quadratic equation. Graphing calculators or other appropriate technology may be used.

Solve systems of linear inequalities in two variables, with a maximum of three inequalities; graph and interpret the solutions on a coordinate plane. Graphing calculators or other appropriate technology may be used.

Generate and evaluate equivalent algebraic expressions and equations using various strategies.

Factor polynomial expressions including, but not limited to, trinomials, differences of squares, sum and difference of cubes, and factoring by grouping, using a variety of tools and strategies.

Add, subtract, multiply, divide, and simplify polynomial expressions.

Add, subtract, multiply, divide, and simplify rational expressions.

Recognize that a quadratic function has different equivalent representations [f(x) = ax² + bx + c, f(x) = a(x - h)² + k, and f(x) = a(x - p)(x - q)]. Identify and use the mathematical model that is most appropriate to solve problems.

Represent and solve mathematical and real-world problems involving arithmetic and geometric sequences and series.

Recognize that arithmetic sequences are linear using equations, tables, graphs, and verbal descriptions. Using the pattern, find the next term.

Recognize that geometric sequences are exponential using equations, tables, graphs, and verbal descriptions. Given the formula f(x) = a(r)x, find the next term and define the meaning of a and r within the context of the problem.

Solve problems that can be modeled using arithmetic sequences or series given the n^th terms and sum formulas. Graphing calculators or other appropriate technology may be used.

Solve problems that can be modeled using finite geometric sequences and series given the nth terms and sum formulas. Graphing calculators or other appropriate technology may be used.

Display, describe, and compare data. For linear and nonlinear relationships, make predictions and assess the reliability of those predictions.

Use the mean and standard deviation of a data set to create a normal distribution (bell-shaped curve).

Collect data and use scatter plots to analyze patterns and describe linear, exponential, or quadratic relationships between two variables.

Make predictions based upon the regression equation (linear, exponential, or quadratic), and use the correlation coefficient to assess the reliability of those predictions using graphing technology.

Analyze statistical thinking to draw inferences, make predictions, and justify conclusions.

Evaluate reports by making inferences, justifying conclusions, and determining appropriateness of data collection methods. Show how graphs and data can be distorted to support different points of view.

Identify and explain misleading conclusions and graphical representations of data sets.

Understand functions as descriptions of covariation (how related quantities vary together).

Use algebraic, interval, and set notations to specify the domain and range of various types of functions, and evaluate a function at a given point in its domain.

Identify the parent forms of exponential, radical (square root and cube root only), quadratic, and logarithmic functions. Predict the effects of transformations [f(x + c), f(x) + c, f(cx), and cf(x)] algebraically and graphically.

Graph a quadratic function. Identify the domain, range, x- and y-intercepts, maximum or minimum value, axis of symmetry, and vertex using various methods and tools that may include a graphing calculator or appropriate technology.

Graph exponential and logarithmic functions. Identify the domain, range, asymptotes, and x- and y-intercepts using various methods and tools that may include calculators or other appropriate technology. Recognize exponential decay and growth graphically and algebraically.

Analyze the graph of a polynomial function by identifying the domain, range, intercepts, zeros, relative maxima, relative minima, and intervals of increase and decrease.

Graph a rational function and identify the domain (including holes), range, x- and y-intercepts, vertical and horizontal asymptotes, using various methods and tools that may include a graphing calculator or other appropriate technology (excluding slant or oblique asymptotes).

Graph a radical function (square root and cube root only). Identify the domain, range, and x- and y-intercepts using various methods and tools that may include a graphing calculator or other appropriate technology.

Graph piecewise functions with no more than three branches (linear, quadratic, or exponential). Analyze the function by identifying the domain, range, intercepts, and intervals for which it is increasing, decreasing, and constant using various methods and tools (e.g., graphing calculator, other appropriate technology).

Recognize whether a discrete or continuous graphical representation is appropriate to create a graph based upon a mathematical model.

Analyze functions through algebraic combinations, compositions, and inverses if they exist.

Add, subtract, multiply, and divide functions using function notation and recognize domain restrictions.

Combine functions by composition and recognize that g(x) = f⁻¹(x), the inverse function of f(x), if and only if f(g(x)) = g(f(x)) = x.

Find and graph the inverse of a function, if it exists, in mathematical models. Know that the domain of a function f is the range of the inverse function f⁻¹ and the range of the function f is the domain of the inverse function f⁻¹.

Apply the inverse relationship between exponential and logarithmic functions to convert from one form to another.

Extend the understanding of numbers and operations to include complex numbers, radical expressions, and expressions written with rational exponents.

Find the value of i^n for any whole number n.

Simplify, add, subtract, multiply, and divide complex numbers.

Understand and apply the relationship between rational exponents to integer exponents and radicals to solve problems.

Extend the understanding of numbers and operations to matrices.

Use matrices to organize and represent data. Identify the order (dimension) of a matrix.

Use addition, subtraction, and scalar multiplication of matrices to solve problems.

Discover, evaluate, and analyze the relationships between lines, angles, and polygons to solve real-world and mathematical problems; express proofs in a form that clearly justifies the reasoning (e.g., two-column proofs, paragraph proofs, flowcharts).

Use properties of parallel lines cut by a transversal to determine angle relationships and solve problems.

Use the angle relationships formed by lines cut by a transversal to determine if the lines are parallel and verify, using algebraic and deductive proofs.

Apply the properties of angles (corresponding, exterior, interior, vertical, complementary, supplementary) to solve problems using mathematical models, algebraic reasoning, and proofs.

Apply theorems involving the interior and exterior angle sums of polygons to solve problems using mathematical models, algebraic reasoning, and proofs.

Apply the properties of special quadrilaterals (square, rectangle, trapezoid, isosceles trapezoid, rhombus, kite, parallelogram) to solve problems involving angle measures and segment lengths using mathematical models, algebraic reasoning, and proofs.

Use coordinate geometry and algebraic reasoning to represent and analyze line segments and polygons, including determining lengths, midpoints, and slopes of line segments.

Apply the properties of polygons, and use them to represent and apply mathematical models involving perimeter and area (e.g., triangles, special quadrilaterals, regular polygons up to 12 sides, composite figures).

Apply the properties of congruent or similar polygons to solve problems using mathematical models and algebraic and logical reasoning.

Construct logical arguments to prove triangle congruence (SSS, SAS, ASA, AAS and HL).

Construct logical arguments to prove triangle similarity (AA, SSS, SAS).

Use numeric, graphic, and algebraic representations of transformations in two dimensions (e.g., reflections, translations, dilations, rotations about the origin by multiples of 90 ̊) to solve problems involving figures on a coordinate plane and identify types of symmetry.

Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving three-dimensional figures.

Represent, use, and apply mathematical models and other tools (e.g., nets, measuring devices, formulas) to solve problems involving surface area and volume of three-dimensional figures (prisms, cylinders, pyramids, cones, spheres, composites of these figures).

Use ratios derived from similar three-dimensional figures to make conjectures, generalize, and to solve for unknown values such as angles, side lengths, perimeter, and circumference of a face, area of a face, and volume.

Solve real-world and mathematical problems using the properties of circles.

Apply the properties of circles to solve problems involving circumference and area, using approximate values and in terms of pi, using algebraic and logical reasoning.

Use the distance and midpoint formula, where appropriate, to recognize and write the radius r, center (h,k), and standard form of the equation of a circle (x - h)² + (y - k)² = r² with and without graphs.

Apply the properties of circles and relationships among angles; arcs; and distances in a circle among radii, chords, secants, and tangents to solve problems using algebraic and logical reasoning.

Use appropriate tools and logic, including algebraic methods, to evaluate mathematical arguments.

Use undefined terms, definitions, postulates, and theorems in logical arguments/proofs.

Analyze and draw conclusions based on a set of conditions using inductive and deductive reasoning. Recognize the logical relationships between a conditional statement and its inverse, converse, and contrapositive.

Assess the validity of a logical argument and give counterexamples to disprove a statement.

Apply mathematical relationships of right triangles and trigonometric ratios to solve real-world and mathematical problems.

Apply the distance formula, the Pythagorean theorem, and the Pythagorean theorem converse (approximate and exact values, including Pythagorean triples) to solve problems, using algebraic and logical reasoning and mathematical models.

Verify and apply properties of right triangles, including properties of 45-45-90 and 30-60-90 triangles, to solve problems using algebraic and logical reasoning.

Use the definition of the trigonometric functions to determine the sine, cosine, and tangent ratio of an acute angle in a right triangle. Apply the inverse trigonometric functions to find the measure of an acute angle in right triangles.

Apply the trigonometric functions as ratios (sine, cosine, tangent) to find side lengths in right triangles in mathematical models, including the coordinate plane.

Investigate conic sections.

Model real-world situations which involve conic sections.

Identify key features of conic sections (foci, directrix, radii, axes, asymptotes, center) graphically and algebraically.

Sketch a graph of a conic section using its key features.

Write the equation of a conic section given its key features.

Given the equation ax² + by² + cx + dy + e = 0, determine if the equation represents a circle, ellipse, parabola, or hyperbola.

Analyze functions and relations.

Interpret characteristics of a function defined by an expression in the context of the situation.

Sketch the graph of a function that models a relationship between two quantities, identifying key features.

Interpret characteristics of graphs and tables for a function that models a relationship between two quantities in terms of the quantities.

Describe end behavior, asymptotic behavior, and points of discontinuity.

Determine if a function has an inverse. Algebraically and graphically find the inverse or define any restrictions on the domain that meet the requirement for invertibility, and find the inverse on the restricted domain.

Build functions to model and validate relationships among functions.

Model relationships through composition, and attend to the restrictions of the domain.

Rewrite a function as a composition of functions.

Interpret the meanings of quantities involving functions and their inverses.

Verify by analytical methods that one function is the inverse of another.

Predict and verify solutions involving functions.

Predict solutions involving functions that are quadratic, polynomial of higher order, rational, exponential, and logarithmic.

Graphically verify solutions involving functions that are quadratic, polynomial of higher order, rational, exponential, and logarithmic.

Algebraically verify solutions involving functions that are quadratic, polynomial of higher order, rational, exponential, and logarithmic.

Make sense of the unit circle and its relationship to the graphs of trigonometric functions.

Draw and recognize angles in standard position using radian measure, and determine the quadrant of the terminal side.

Convert radian measure to degree measure and vice-versa.

Use reference angles to determine the terminal point P(x, y) on the unit circle for a given angle.

Estimate trigonometric values of any angle.

Graph all six trigonometric functions, identifying key features.

Describe and analyze the relationships of the properties of a unit circle.

Apply trigonometric concepts beyond the right triangle.

Create models for situations involving trigonometry.

Apply the Law of Sines and Law of Cosines to solve problems.

Use trigonometry to find the area of triangles.

Use inverse functions to solve trigonometric equations; evaluate the solution and interpret them in terms of context.

Verify trigonometric identities and solve equations.

Algebraically manipulate the structure of a trigonometric expression to identify ways to rewrite it.

Graphically and algebraically verify solutions to trigonometric equations.

Explore complex numbers.

Find the conjugate of a complex number in rectangular forms and quotients of complex numbers.

Solve quadratic equations in one variable that have complex solutions.

Use distributions of quantitative and categorical data to identify the key features of the data collected in context.

Summarize and represent the distribution for univariate quantitative data by describing and analyzing the shape of the distribution, the measures of center for the distribution, the patterns in variability for the distribution, and any outliers, gaps, or other unusual features in the distribution.

Select and create an appropriate display (e.g., dot plots, histograms, box plots) for univariate data.

Describe and analyze the distribution of univariate categorical data.

Use the mean and standard deviation of a data set to fit it to a normal distribution and to estimate population percentages.

Use calculators, computers, or tables to estimate areas under the normal curve. Recognize that there are data sets for which such a procedure is not appropriate.

Compare two or more groups by analyzing distributions.

Construct appropriate parallel graphical displays of distributions.

Use numerical attributes of distributions to make comparisons between distributions.

Analyze associations between two variables.

Create two-way tables for bivariate categorical data and analyze for possible associations between the two categories using marginal, joint, and conditional frequencies.

Make predictions and draw conclusions from regression models (linear, exponential, quadratic) from two-variable quantitative data.

Analyze scatter plots for patterns, linearity, outliers, and influential points.

Using technology, compute and interpret the correlation coefficient.

Understand the implications of extrapolating data to make predictions.

Make statistical inferences and evaluate claims from studies.

Construct and interpret confidence intervals for the mean of a normally distributed population and for a population proportion.

Explain how a sample statistic and a confidence level are used in the construction of a confidence interval.

Explain how changes in the sample size, confidence level, and standard error affect the margin of error of a confidence interval.

Construct a confidence interval for the mean of a normally distributed population (with a known standard deviation) and for a population proportion. Use confidence intervals to evaluate claims.

Use confidence intervals to evaluate claims for a single population parameter.

Distinguish among different types of study designs for collecting data, and know the scope of inference for each design type.

Distinguish among sample surveys, experiments, and observational studies.

Compare and contrast the benefits of different sampling techniques.

Determine the appropriate scope of inference for generalizing results.

Explain how sample size impacts the precision with which generalizations can be made.

Determine when a cause-and-effect inference can be drawn from an association, based on how the data were collected.

Identify common sources of bias and the role of randomization in study design.

Explain how randomization and sources of bias impact the results of a study.

Understand the different roles of random selection and random assignment in study design.

Interpret and communicate the results of a statistical analysis in context.

Recognize when the difference between two sample proportions or two sample means is due to random variation or if the difference is statistically significant.

Understand the concept of a confidence interval, including the interpretation of confidence level, margin of error, and statistical significance.

Develop inferences or predictions to construct resulting decisions or recommendations.

Create and evaluate recommendations for areas of future research.

Evaluate practical implications of statistical significance or lack thereof.

Develop and critique arguments for practical implications based on statistical significance.

Identify potential lurking variables which may explain an association between two variables.

Evaluate real-world claims and conclusions.

Evaluate strengths and weaknesses in the studies or methods used to generate data.

Evaluate the statistical validity of claims made.

Connect basic probability concepts to statistical analysis.

Describe events as subsets of a sample space.

Describe the relationship between theoretical and empirical probabilities using the Law of Large Numbers.

Use counting techniques (e.g., permutations and combinations) to solve mathematical and real-world problems, including determining probabilities of compound events.

Determine probabilities, including joint probabilities, conditional probabilities, probabilities of independent events, and probabilities of dependent events. Interpret the results.

Understand and calculate the conditional probability of A given B as P(A and B)/P(B).

Interpret independence of A and B as saying that the conditional probability of A, given B, is the same as the probability of A.

Use probability to make decisions. Analyze decisions and strategies using probability concepts and expected values.

Analyze decisions about statistical significance based on reported p-values.

Understand the distinction between mathematical models and statistical models.

Distinguish among different sources of variability, including measurement, natural, induced, and sampling variability.

Formulate meaningful statistical questions to clarify the problem at hand.

Distinguish between the distribution of a population, a distribution of sample data, and a sampling distribution.

Distinguish between sample statistics and population parameters.

Recognize a population distribution has fixed values of its parameters and that these parameter values are typically unknown.

Recognize that a sample data distribution is taken from a population distribution, and the data distribution is what is seen in practice.

Recognize a sampling distribution is the distribution of a sample statistic (e.g., sample mean, sample proportion) obtained from repeated samples.

Identify differences between categorical and quantitative data.

Determine whether categorical or quantitative data is appropriate to answer a statistical question.

Compare and contrast different potential graphical or visual representations given the same data set.

Actively listen using agreed-upon discussion rules with prompting.

Follow simple one- and two-step oral directions.

Work respectfully with peers with prompting.

Engage in collaborative discussions about various topics and texts, including their own writing, with peers and adults in small and large groups with prompting.

Ask and answer relevant questions with prompting.

Orally describe personal interests or tell stories to peers and adults using agreed-upon rules (e.g., taking turns, staying on topic).

Read their first and last name in print.

Recite familiar texts (e.g., rhymes, songs, poetry, etc.).

Begin to develop a sight word vocabulary by decoding and reading regularly- and irregularly-spelled words in isolation and context with increasing automaticity.

Count one-syllable and multisyllabic spoken words in a sentence (e.g., I see an elephant.).

Isolate and pronounce initial and final sounds in spoken words.

Count, segment, and blend syllables in spoken words.

Blend phonemes to form one-syllable spoken words with 2-4 phonemes (e.g., /f/ /l/ /a/ /t/= flat ).

Segment phonemes in one-syllable spoken words with 2-4 phonemes (e.g., flat = /f/ /l/ /a/ /t/).

Demonstrate their understanding that print carries a message by recognizing labels, signs, and other print in the environment.

Demonstrate correct book orientation and identify the title, title page, and the front and back covers of a book.

Recognize that print moves from top to bottom, left to right, and front to back.

Recognize that written words are made up of letters and are separated by spaces.

Recognize the distinguishing features of a sentence (e.g., capitalization of the first word, ending punctuation: period, exclamation point, question mark) with prompting.

Correctly form letters to write their first and last name and most uppercase and lowercase letters correctly.

Sequence the letters of the alphabet.

Produce the sounds for short and long vowels and the most common sound for consonants (e.g., a = /ă/ & /ā/, f = /f/, s = /s/, x = /ks/).

Blend letter sounds to decode simple Vowel/Consonant (VC) and Consonant/Vowel/Consonant (CVC) words (e.g., VC words = at , in , up ; CVC words = pat , hen , lot ).

Identify the topic or main idea with a supporting detail of a text with prompting.

Discriminate between fiction and nonfiction text with prompting.

Sequence the plot (i.e., beginning, middle, and end) of a story with prompting.

Begin to retell facts and details from an informational text.

Represent major consonants logically in phonetic spelling (e.g., "lefnt" for elephant or "apl" for apple ).

Represent all of the sounds in a Consonant/Vowel/Consonant (CVC) word logically in phonetic spelling (e.g., "kat" for cat or "fer" for fur ).

Express themselves through drawing and emergent writing.

Sequence the action or details of stories/texts with prompting.

Use appropriate spacing between letters and words in emergent writing.

Add to their drawing and emergent writing.

Share their stories/texts with authentic audiences.

Describe the roles of an author and illustrator in various texts.

Ask and answer basic questions (e.g., who, what, where, and when) about texts, photographs, or illustrations during shared reading or other text experiences with prompting.

Describe characters and setting in a story with prompting.

Use drawing, labeling, and writing to tell a story, share information, or express an opinion with prompting.

Name and sort familiar objects into categories based on similarities and differences with prompting.

Begin to develop an awareness of context clues through read-alouds and other text experiences.

Begin to acquire new vocabulary and relate new words to prior knowledge.

Use new vocabulary to produce and expand complete sentences in shared language activities.

Use language according to purpose in shared writing experiences.

Recognize simple sentences with prompting.

Recognize parts of speech in sentences with prompting: • concrete objects as persons, places, or things (i.e., nouns) • words as actions (i.e., verbs) • color and size adjectives • the pronoun I • spatial and time relationships such as up , down , before , and after

Begin to compose simple sentences that begin with a capital letter and conclude with an end mark.

Capitalize their first name and the pronoun I with prompting.

Recognize and begin to use periods, question marks, and exclamation points.

Identify relevant pictures, charts, grade-level texts, or people as sources of information on a topic of interest.

Identify and use graphic and text features to understand texts: • photos • illustrations • titles

Generate topics of interest and decide if a friend, teacher, or expert can answer their questions with prompting.

Find information from provided sources during group research with prompting.

Share relevant information for various purposes with prompting.

Explore ideas and topics in multimodal content.

Combine movement with relevant props, images, or illustrations to support their writing and speaking.

Listen and respond to read-alouds, participate in shared reading, and interact independently with texts.

Express their ideas using a combination of drawing and emergent writing with prompting.

Actively listen using agreed-upon discussion rules.

Follow simple two- and three-step oral directions.

Work respectfully with peers.

Engage in collaborative discussions about various topics and texts, including their own writing, with peers in small and large groups.

Ask and answer relevant questions to seek help or get information to confirm understanding.

Orally describe people, places, things, and events with relevant details expressing their ideas.

Expand their sight word vocabulary by reading regularly- and irregularly-spelled words in isolation and context with increasing automaticity.

Orally and accurately read grade-level text at a smooth rate with expression that connotes comprehension.

Count, segment, blend, and delete syllables in spoken words.

Blend and segment onset and rime in spoken words (e.g., /ch/+ at = chat).

Isolate and pronounce medial sounds in spoken words.

Blend phonemes to form spoken words with 4-6 phonemes, including consonant blends (e.g., /s/ /t/ /r/ /i/ /ng/ = string).

Segment phonemes in spoken words with 4-6 phonemes into individual phonemes (e.g., string = /s/ /t/ /r/ /i/ /ng/).

Add, delete, and substitute phonemes in one-syllable spoken words with 3-5 phonemes (e.g., add /c/ to the beginning of at to say cat; delete the /p/ from pin, to say in; substitute the /o/ in stop with /e/ to say step).

Correctly form letters and use appropriate spacing for letters, words, and sentences using left-to-right and top-to-bottom progression.

Decode one-syllable phonetically-regular words by using their knowledge of the following phonics skills: a. single consonants (e.g., b = /b/, f = /f/, t = /t/) b. short vowel sounds (i.e., ă, ĕ, ĭ, ŏ, ŭ) c. consonant blends (e.g., bl, br, cr) d. consonant digraphs and trigraphs (e.g., sh, tch) e. vowel-consonant-silent e (e.g., lake) f. r-controlled vowels (i.e., ar, er, ir, or, ur) g. vowel digraphs (e.g., ea, oa, ee)

Decode words by applying knowledge of syllable types in one-syllable words: a. closed b. open

Decode words by applying knowledge of structural analysis: a. compound words b. inflectional endings (e.g., -s, -ed, -ing)

Students will identify the topic or main idea with some supporting details of a text.

Students will discriminate between fiction and nonfiction genres.

Students will sequence the plot (i.e., beginning, middle, and end) of a story.

Students will retell facts and details from an informational text.

Use correct spelling when writing the following sounds in words: a. consonants b. short vowels c. digraphs d. consonant blends e. vowel-consonant-silent e

Correctly spell high-frequency and irregularly-spelled words by using common letter/sound correspondences and recalling the irregular parts of words (e.g., the: th- is a common letter/sound correspondence, -e is irregular).

Students will develop and edit drafts using appropriate spacing between letters, words, and sentences using left-to-right and top-to-bottom progression.

Students will develop drafts by sequencing the action in a story or details about a topic through writing sentences.

Students will revise drafts by adding and/or deleting text.

Students will correctly spell grade-level, highly decodable words (e.g., cup, like, cart) and common, irregularly spelled sight words (e.g., the) while editing using resources as needed.

Students will routinely use a recursive process to publish final drafts for an authentic audience (e.g., reading aloud, author's chair).

Identify the author's purpose (i.e., tell a story, provide information) with prompting.

Describe who is telling a story with prompting.

Find textual evidence when provided with examples of literary elements:- setting ( i.e., time and place)- main characters and their traits

Ask and answer basic questions (e.g., who, what, where, why, and when) about texts.

Begin to use details from a text to draw conclusions and make predictions.

Begin to locate facts that are clearly stated in a text.

Write narratives incorporating characters, plot (i.e., beginning, middle, end), and a basic setting (i.e., time, place) with prompting.

Begin to write facts about a topic in response to a text read aloud to demonstrate understanding with prompting.

Write an opinion about a topic and provide a reason to support the opinion with prompting.

Begin to determine relationships among words, including synonyms and antonyms.

Use context clues to determine the meaning of words with prompting.

Use word parts (e.g., affixes, Anglo-Saxon roots, stems) to define unfamiliar words with prompting.

Begin to use grade-level resource materials (e.g., simple dictionary, glossary) to clarify the meaning of words.

Acquire new grade-level vocabulary, relate new words to prior knowledge, and apply vocabulary in new situations.

Use grade-level vocabulary to communicate ideas through speaking and writing.

Use language in speaking and writing according to purpose with prompting.

Recognize simple sentences.

Recognize parts of speech in sentences:- nouns as concrete objects (i.e., people, places, and things)- regular plural nouns- present-tense verbs as actions- color, size, and number adjectives- prepositions- the pronouns I, me, you, and we- the conjunctions and, or, and but- the adverbs too and very

Compose simple sentences that conclude with an end mark.

Use nouns, verbs, and adjectives to add clarity and variety to their writing.

Capitalize the first letter of a sentence, proper names, and months and days of the week.

Use periods, question marks, and exclamation points.

Identify who can answer questions about their topic or what resources they will need to find the information.

Identify and use graphic and text features to understand texts:- photos- illustrations- titles- labels- headings- charts- graphs

Identify the location and purpose of the table of contents and glossary.

Generate questions about topics of interest for research.

Organize information found during group or individual research, using graphic organizers or other aids with prompting.

Share relevant information for various purposes.

Explain how ideas and topics are depicted in multimodal content.

Use a combination of writing, sound, visual content, and/or movement to communicate ideas, thoughts, and feelings.

Select texts for academic and personal purposes and read independently for extended periods of time.

Write independently using a combination of emergent and conventional writing with prompting.

Actively listen using agreed-upon discussion rules.

Follow multi-step oral directions.

Work respectfully in groups by sharing responsibility for collaborative work and recognizing individual contributions made by each group member.

Engage in collaborative discussions about various topics and texts, including their own writing, with peers in small and large groups.

Report on a topic or text, tell a story, or recount an experience with relevant facts descriptive details, speaking audibly in coherent sentences.

Expand their sight word vocabulary by reading regularly- and irregularly-spelled words in isolation and context with increasing automaticity.

Orally and accurately read grade-level text at a smooth rate with expression that connotes comprehension.

Add, delete, and substitute phonemes in spoken words with 5-6 phonemes (e.g., add /th/ to the beginning of rowing to say throwing; delete the /r/ in trips to say tips; substitute the /l/ in clank with /r/ to say crank).

Correctly form letters in print and use appropriate spacing for letters, words, and sentences.

Decode one- and two-syllable words by using their knowledge of the following phonics skills: a. single consonants, including those with two different sounds (e.g., soft and hard c [cent, cat] and g [gem, goat]) b. consonant blends (e.g., bl, br, cr, spr, spl) c. consonant digraphs and trigraphs (e.g., sh, tch) d. vowel-consonant-silent e (e.g., lake) e. r-controlled vowels (i.e., ar, er, ir or, ur) f. vowel digraphs (e.g., ea, oa, ee) g. vowel diphthongs (i.e., vowel combinations having two vowel sounds [e.g., oi as in boil, oy as in boy]) h. schwa (e.g., banana) i. silent letter combinations (knew, could, ghost)

Decode words by applying knowledge of all major syllable types: a. closed b. open c. vowel digraphs d. vowel-consonant-silent e e. r-controlled f. consonant +le

Decode words by applying knowledge of structural analysis: a. compound words b. inflectional endings (e.g., -s, -ed, -ing) c. contractions d. abbreviations e. common roots and related prefixes and suffixes

Identify the main idea and supporting details of a text.

Identify elements of various genres in fiction and nonfiction texts.

Begin to summarize the plot of a story to include the beginning, middle, and end.

Begin to summarize facts and details from an informational text.

Use correct spelling when writing the following sounds in words: a. digraphs b. trigraphs c. vowel digraphs d. r-controlled

Use correct spelling when writing the following syllable types in single-syllable and multisyllabic words: a. closed b. open c. vowel-consonant-silent e d. r-controlled

Use structural analysis to correctly spell the following parts of words: a. common prefixes b. common suffixes c. common spelling rules related to adding prefixes and suffixes (e.g., dropping the final -e, doubling a consonant)

Prewrite and develop drafts by sequencing the action in a story or details about a topic through writing sentences.

Edit drafts using appropriate spacing between letters, words, and sentences.

Revise drafts by adding, deleting, and/or moving text.

Correctly spell grade-level words while editing using resources as needed.

Routinely use a recursive process to publish final drafts for an authentic audience (e.g., reading aloud, author's chair).

Determine the author's purpose (i.e., tell a story, provide information).

Determine whether a grade-level literary text is narrated in first- or third-person point of view with prompting.

Find examples of literary elements:- setting (i.e., time and place)- plot (i.e., beginning, middle, end)- characters and their traits

Find examples of literary devices:- simile- alliteration- onomatopoeia

Use details from the literary or informational text to draw conclusions and make predictions.

Locate facts that are clearly stated in an informational text.

Describe the structure of an informational text with prompting:- description- sequential

Write narratives incorporating characters, plot (i.e., beginning, middle, end), and a basic setting (i.e., time, place).

Write facts about a topic and include a main idea with supporting details in a paragraph.

Write an opinion about a topic and provide reasons as support in a paragraph.

Determine relationships among words, including synonyms, antonyms, and simple multiple-meaning words.

Use context clues to determine the meaning of words.

Use word parts (e.g., affixes, Anglo-Saxon roots, stems) to define and determine the meaning of new words.

Use grade-level resource materials (e.g., simple dictionary, glossary) to clarify the meaning of words.

Acquire new grade-level vocabulary, relate new words to prior knowledge, and apply vocabulary in new situations.

Use grade-level vocabulary to communicate ideas through speaking and writing.

Use language in speaking and writing according to purpose and audience.

Recognize simple and compound sentences.

Recognize parts of speech in sentences:- common, proper, and irregular plural nouns- tenses of verbs (i.e., past, present, future)- the simple subject and simple predicate of a sentence- descriptive adjectives and articles (i.e., a, an, the) as adjectives- prepositions- singular and plural personal pronouns and the nouns they replace- the conjunctions and, or, and but- -ly adverbs

Compose simple and compound declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentences that begin with a capital letter and conclude with an end mark.

Use nouns, verbs, and adjectives to add clarity and variety to their writing.

Punctuate initials and capitalize holidays, product names, initials, and months and days of the week.

Use periods with declarative and imperative sentences, question marks with interrogative sentences, and exclamation points with exclamatory sentences.

Use apostrophes to form simple contractions (e.g., isn't, aren't, can't).

Use commas in dates (e.g., September 6, 2020).

Use a colon to indicate time (e.g., The bell rings at 3:15.).

Create their own questions to find information on their topic.

Identify and use graphic and text features to understand texts:- photos- illustrations- titles- labels- headings- charts- graphs- captions- subheadings

Consult various text reference sources to gather information (i.e., title page, table of contents, glossary, index).

Generate a list of topics and questions about an area of interest for research.

Organize information found during group or individual research, using graphic organizers or other aids.

Organize and share relevant information for various purposes.

Explore and compare ideas and topics in multimodal content.

Use a combination of writing, sound, visual content, and/or movement to communicate ideas, thoughts, and feelings.

Select texts for academic and personal purposes and read independently for extended periods of time.

Write independently using print and/or typing over various lengths of time for a variety of purposes.

Actively listen using agreed-upon discussion rules.

Actively listen and interpret a speaker's verbal messages and ask questions to clarify the speaker's purpose.

Work effectively and respectfully in diverse groups by sharing responsibility for collaborative work and recognizing individual contributions made by each group member.

Engage in collaborative discussions about what they are reading and writing, expressing their own ideas clearly in pairs, diverse groups, and whole-class settings.

Report in a group or individually on a topic or text, tell a story, or recount an experience with relevant facts, descriptive details, speaking audibly and clearly in coherent sentences.

Expand their sight word vocabulary by reading regularly- and irregularly-spelled words in isolation and context with increasing automaticity.

Orally and accurately read grade-level text at a smooth rate with expression that connotes comprehension.

Add, delete, substitute, and reverse phonemes in spoken words (e.g., add /g/ to the beginning of listen to say glisten ; delete the /b/ in bridges to say ridges ; substitute the /f/ in frighten with /b/ to say brighten ; reverse the initial and final sounds in safe to say face ).

Correctly form words in print and cursive and use appropriate spacing for letters, words, and sentences.

Decode multisyllabic words using their knowledge of the following phonics skills:- vowel diphthongs- all major syllable types (i.e., closed, consonant +le, open, vowel digraphs, vowel silent e, r-controlled)

Decode words by applying knowledge of structural analysis:- contractions- abbreviations- common roots and related prefixes and suffixes- morphology

Use decoding skills and semantics in context when reading new words in a text, including multisyllabic words.

Determine the main idea and supporting details of a text.

Identify elements of various genres in fiction, poetry, and nonfiction texts.

Summarize and sequence the important events of a story.

Summarize facts and details from an informational text.

Use correct spelling when writing the following sounds in words:- diphthongs- schwa (i.e., /ə/)- silent letter combinations (e.g., knew, could, ghost)- hard/soft c, g (e.g., cover , celebrate , gorilla , general )

Use correct spelling when writing the following syllable types in single-syllable and multisyllabic words:- vowel digraphs- consonant + -le

Use structural analysis to correctly spell the following parts of words:- common prefixes- common suffixes- common spelling rules related to adding prefixes and suffixes (e.g., changing y to i, doubling a consonant)

Routinely use a recursive process to prewrite, organize, and develop narrative, informative, and opinion drafts that display evidence of paragraphing.

Routinely use a recursive process to revise content for clarity, coherence, and organization (e.g., logical order and transitions).

Routinely and recursively edit drafts for punctuation, capitalization, and correctly-spelled grade-level words, using resources as needed.

Routinely use a recursive process to publish final drafts for an authentic audience (e.g., reading aloud, posting on blog, displaying, entering contest).

Determine if the author's purpose is to entertain, inform, or persuade.

Determine whether a grade-level literary text is narrated in first- or third-person point of view.

Find examples of literary elements:setting- plot- characters- characterization

Find examples of literary devices:- personification- hyperbole- simile- alliteration- onomatopoeia

Answer inferential questions, using a text to support answers.

Distinguish fact from opinion in an informational text.

Describe the structure of an informational text:- problem/solution- description- sequential

Write narratives incorporating:- setting- plot- characters- characterization

Write facts about a subject, including a main idea with supporting details, in multiple paragraphs with transitional words and phrases.

Write an opinion about a topic and provide relevant evidence as support in multiple paragraphs with transitional words and phrases.

Identify relationships among words, including synonyms, antonyms, homophones, and homographs.

Use context clues to clarify the meaning of words.

Use word parts (e.g., affixes, Anglo-Saxon roots, stems) to define and determine the meaning of new words.

Consult reference materials (e.g., dictionaries, glossaries, thesauruses) to comprehend the words in a text.

Acquire new grade-level vocabulary, relate new words to prior knowledge, and apply vocabulary in various contexts.

Use grade-level vocabulary in writing to clearly communicate ideas.

Use precise vocabulary in writing for the intended mode and effect on the audience.

Recognize simple and compound sentences.

Recognize parts of speech in sentences:- concrete, abstract, and possessive nouns- different types of verbs (i.e., action, linking, helping) and their roles in a sentence- the complete subject and complete predicate of a sentence- possessive adjectives- prepositional phrases- possessive pronouns and the nouns they replace- coordinating conjunctions (i.e., for , and , nor , but , or , yet , so )- adverbs of frequency (e.g., always , often , never )

Compose simple and compound declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentences, avoiding and correcting fragments.

Use nouns, verbs, adjectives, prepositions, and adverbs to add clarity and variety to their writing.

Capitalize and punctuate titles of respect, words in titles, and geographical names.

Use periods with declarative and imperative sentences, question marks with interrogative sentences, and exclamation points with exclamatory sentences .

Use apostrophes to form complex contractions (e.g., should've , won't , y'all ) and to show possession.

Use commas before a coordinating conjunction and to separate individual words in a series.

Use a colon to indicate time.

Use quotation marks to indicate dialogue.

Conduct research to answer questions, including self-generated questions, and to build knowledge.

Identify and use text features (e.g., graphics, captions, subheadings, italics, charts, tables, legends) to comprehend informational texts.

Begin to determine the relevance of the information gathered.

Choose a topic of interest and generate several questions about it for research.

Begin to organize information found during research, following a modified citation style (i.e., author, title, publication year).

Write informative texts independently for short timeframes (e.g., a single sitting or a day or two) that organize related information about a topic and convey details from a single source.

Locate and use information from a variety of alphabetic, aural, visual, spatial, and/or gestural content to compare perspectives about ideas and topics.

Communicate their ideas, thoughts, and feelings by combining two or more kinds of content:- writing/alphabetic- sound, visual, and/or spatial- movement

Read selected texts independently and for various lengths of time, choosing genres to suit and expand their personal preferences and purposes.

Write independently using print, cursive, and/or typing for various lengths of time, choosing modes and genres to suit their audience and purpose.

Actively listen using agreed-upon discussion rules.

Actively listen and interpret a speaker's verbal messages and ask questions to clarify the speaker's purpose.

Work effectively and respectfully in diverse groups by sharing responsibility for collaborative work and recognizing individual contributions made by each group member.

Engage in collaborative discussions about what they are reading and writing, expressing their own ideas clearly in pairs, diverse groups, and whole-class settings.

Give informal presentations in a group or individually, organizing information and determining content for the audience, speaking audibly and clearly in coherent sentences.

Expand their sight word vocabulary by reading regularly- and irregularly-spelled words in isolation and context with increasing automaticity.

Orally and accurately read grade-level text at a smooth rate with expression that connotes comprehension.

Correctly form words in print and cursive and use appropriate spacing for letters, words, and sentences.

Decode unfamiliar and multisyllabic words using their combined knowledge of the following phonics skills:- letter-sound correspondences- all major syllable types (i.e., closed, consonant +le, open, vowel digraphs, vowel silent e, r-controlled)

Decode words by applying knowledge of structural analysis:- contractions- abbreviations- common roots and related affixes- morphology- semantics

Determine the key details that support the main idea of a text.

Compare fiction, poetry, and nonfiction to distinguish various genres.

Summarize and sequence the important events of a story.

Summarize facts and details from an informational text.

Use correct spelling when writing unfamiliar and multisyllabic words, using their combined knowledge of the following skills:- letter-sound correspondences- all major syllable types (i.e., closed, consonant +le, open, vowel digraphs, vowel silent e, r-controlled)

Use structural analysis to correctly spell the following parts of words:- contractions- abbreviations- common spelling rules related to adding prefixes and suffixes

Routinely use a recursive process to prewrite, organize, and develop narrative, informative, and opinion drafts that display evidence of paragraphing.

Routinely use a recursive process to revise content for clarity, coherence, and organization (e.g., logical order and transitions).

Routinely and recursively edit drafts for punctuation, capitalization, and correctly-spelled grade-level words, using resources as needed.

Routinely use a recursive process to publish final drafts for an authentic audience (e.g., reading aloud, posting on blog, displaying, entering contest).

Determine the author's purpose (i.e., entertain, inform, persuade) by identifying key details.

Determine whether a grade-level literary text is narrated in first- or third-person point of view.

Find textual evidence of literary elements:- setting- plot- characters (i.e., protagonist, antagonist)- characterization- conflict

Find textual evidence of literary devices:- metaphor- idiom- personification- hyperbole- simile- alliteration- onomatopoeia

Answer inferential questions using evidence from one or more texts to support answers.

Distinguish fact from opinion in an informational text and explain how reasons and facts support specific points.

Distinguish the structures of an informational text:- cause/effect- problem/solution- description- sequential

Compose narratives reflecting real or imagined experiences that:- include plots with a climax and resolution- include developed characters who overcome conflicts and use dialogue- use a consistent point of view- unfold in chronological sequence- use sentence variety, sensory details, and vivid language to create interest- model literary elements and/or literary devices from mentor texts

Compose informative essays that:- introduce and develop a topic- incorporate evidence (e.g., specific facts, examples)- maintain an organized structure with transitional words and phrases- use sentence variety and word choice to create interest- model literary devices from mentor texts

Write opinion essays that:- introduce a topic and state an opinion- incorporate relevant, text-based evidence to support the opinion- use sentence variety and word choice to create interest- maintain an organized structure with transitional words and phrases

Identify relationships among words, including synonyms, antonyms, analogies, homophones, and homographs.

Use context clues to clarify the meaning of words.

Use word parts (e.g., affixes, Latin roots, stems) to define and determine the meaning of new words.

Consult reference materials (e.g., dictionaries, glossaries, thesauruses) to comprehend the words in a text.

Acquire new grade-level vocabulary, relate new words to prior knowledge, and apply vocabulary in various contexts.

Use grade-level vocabulary in writing to clearly communicate ideas.

Use precise and vivid vocabulary in writing for the intended mode and effect on the audience.

Recognize simple and compound sentences.

Recognize parts of speech in sentences:- irregular possessive nouns (e.g., children's )- irregular and past participle verbs and verb tense to identify settings, times, and sequences- subject and verb agreement- comparative and superlative adjectives- prepositional phrases- possessive pronouns and the nouns they replace (i.e., antecedents)- coordinating conjunctions- comparative and superlative adverbs- interjections

Compose simple and compound declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentences, avoiding and correcting fragments.

Use nouns, verbs, adjectives, prepositions, and adverbs to add clarity and variety to their writing.

Recognize and correct errors in subject and verb agreement.

Capitalize familial relations, proper adjectives, conventions of letter writing, and the first letter of a quotation.

Use periods with declarative and imperative sentences, question marks with interrogative sentences, and exclamation points with exclamatory sentences.

Use apostrophes to show possession of singular and plural nouns and recognize and remove apostrophes used to form plurals.

Use commas in greetings and closings in letters and emails, to separate individual words in a series, and to indicate dialogue.

Use a colon to introduce a list (e.g., Deb only needed three things from the grocery store: milk, eggs, and bread.).

Use quotation marks to indicate dialogue, quoted material, and titles of works.

Use underlining or italics to indicate titles of works.

Conduct research to answer questions, including self-generated questions, and to build knowledge, using multiple sources (e.g., visual and text reference sources, electronic resources, and/or interviews).

Identify and use text features (e.g., graphics, captions, headings/subheadings, bold/italicized words, charts, tables, legends) to comprehend informational texts.

Determine the relevance of the information gathered.

Generate a viable research question about a topic.

Organize information found during research, following a modified citation style (i.e., author, title, publication year).

Write informative texts independently for short timeframes (e.g., a single sitting or a day or two) that organize related information about a topic and convey details and quotations from two or more sources.

Locate and use information from a variety of alphabetic, aural, visual, spatial, and/or gestural content to compare and contrast perspectives about ideas and topics.

Communicate their ideas, thoughts, and feelings by combining two or more kinds of content:- writing/alphabetic- sound, visual, and/or spatial- movement

Read selected texts independently and for various lengths of time, choosing genres to suit and expand their personal preferences and purposes.

Write independently using print, cursive, and/or typing for various lengths of time, choosing modes and genres to suit their audience and purpose.

Actively listen using agreed-upon discussion rules with awareness of verbal and nonverbal cues.

Actively listen and interpret a speaker's verbal messages and ask questions to clarify the speaker's purpose.

Work effectively and respectfully in diverse groups by sharing responsibility for collaborative work and recognizing individual contributions made by each group member.

Engage in collaborative discussions about what they are reading and writing, expressing their own ideas clearly in pairs, diverse groups, and whole-class settings.

Give formal and informal presentations in a group or individually, organizing information and determining content for the audience, speaking audibly and clearly in coherent sentences.

Expand their sight word vocabulary by reading regularly- and irregularly-spelled words in isolation and context with increasing automaticity.

Orally and accurately read grade-level text at a smooth rate with expression that connotes comprehension.

Correctly form words in print and cursive and use appropriate spacing for letters, words, and sentences.

Explain how key supporting details support the main idea of a text.

Identify details in fiction, poetry, and nonfiction texts to distinguish various genres.

Summarize and sequence the important events of a story.

Summarize facts and details from an informational text.

Use correct spelling when writing unfamiliar and multisyllabic words, using their combined knowledge of the following skills:- letter-sound correspondences- all major syllable types (i.e., closed, consonant +le, open, vowel digraphs, vowel silent e, r-controlled)

Use structural analysis to correctly spell the following parts of words:- contractions- abbreviations- common spelling rules related to adding prefixes and suffixes

Routinely use a recursive process to prewrite, organize, and draft multi-paragraph narrative, informative, and opinion drafts.

Routinely use a recursive process to revise content for clarity, coherence, and organization (e.g., logical order and transitions).

Routinely and recursively edit drafts for punctuation, capitalization, and correctly-spelled grade-level words, using resources as needed.

Routinely use a recursive process to publish final drafts for an authentic audience (e.g., reading aloud, posting on blog, displaying, entering contest).

Determine the author's purpose (i.e., entertain, inform, persuade), and draw conclusions to determine if the author's purpose was achieved.

Determine whether a grade-level literary text is narrated in first- or third-person point of view (limited and omniscient) and describe its effect.

Determine how literary elements contribute to the meaning of a literary text:- setting- plot- characters (i.e., protagonist, antagonist)- characterization- conflict- theme

Determine how literary devices contribute to the meaning of a text:- imagery- metaphor- idiom- personification- hyperbole- simile- alliteration- onomatopoeia

Analyze ideas in one or more texts, providing textual evidence to support their inferences.

Distinguish fact from opinion in an informational text and explain how reasons and facts support specific points.

Distinguish the structures of informational texts:- compare/contrast- cause/effect- problem/solution- description- sequential

Compose narratives reflecting real or imagined experiences that:- include plots with a climax and resolution- include developed characters who overcome conflicts and use dialogue- use a consistent point of view- unfold in chronological sequence- use sentence variety, sensory details, and vivid language to create interest- model literary elements and/or literary devices from mentor texts

Compose informative essays that- introduce and develop a topic- incorporate evidence (e.g., specific facts, examples, charts, and graphs)- maintain an organized structure with transitional words and phrases- use sentence variety and word choice to create interest- model literary devices from mentor texts

Write opinion essays that:- introduce a topic and state a clear opinion- incorporate relevant, text-based evidence to support the opinion- use sentence variety and word choice to create interest- organize writing in a logical sequence with transitional words and phrases

Identify relationships among words, including synonyms, antonyms, analogies, homophones, and homographs.

Use context clues to clarify the meaning of words.

Use word parts (e.g., affixes, Latin roots, stems) to define and determine the meaning of new words.

Consult reference materials (e.g., dictionaries, glossaries, thesauruses) to comprehend the words in a text.

Acquire new grade-level vocabulary, relate new words to prior knowledge, and apply vocabulary in various contexts.

Use grade-level vocabulary in writing to clearly communicate ideas.

Use precise and vivid vocabulary in writing for the intended mode and effect on the audience.

Recognize simple, compound, and complex (i.e., independent and dependent clauses) sentences.

Recognize and explain the impact on meaning of parts of speech in sentences:- nouns- verb tense to identify settings, times, sequences, and conditions- subject and verb agreement- adjectives- prepositional phrases- intensive pronouns and their antecedents- coordinating conjunctions- adverbs- interjections

Compose simple, compound, and complex (i.e., independent and dependent clauses) sentences.

Use nouns, verbs, adjectives, prepositions, adverbs, and pronouns to add clarity and variety to their writing.

Recognize and correct the following: run-ons, errors in subject and verb agreement, inappropriate shifts in verb tense, and inappropriate shifts in pronoun number and person.

Write using correct capitalization mechanics.

Write using correct end mark mechanics.

Use the correct forms of it's/its, you're/your, and they're/there/their.

Use commas to separate individual words in a series, to indicate dialogue, and to separate the independent and dependent clauses in a complex sentence.

Use a colon to introduce a list.

Use quotation marks to indicate dialogue, quoted material, and titles of works.

Use underlining or italics to indicate titles of works.

Use a semicolon to punctuate compound sentences.

Conduct research to answer questions, including self-generated questions, and to build knowledge, using multiple sources (e.g., visual and text reference sources, electronic resources, and/or interviews).

Identify and use text features (e.g., graphics, captions, headings/subheadings, bold/italicized words, charts, tables, legends) to analyze the structure of informational texts.

Determine the relevance and reliability of the information gathered.

Formulate a viable research question.

Organize information found during research, following a modified citation style (i.e., author, title, publication date).

Write informative texts independently for short timeframes (e.g., a single sitting or a day or two) that organize related information logically and convey key details, quotations, or other relevant information from multiple sources.

Analyze the characteristics and effectiveness of a variety of alphabetic, aural, visual, spatial, and/or gestural content from various perspectives.

Create multimodal content (i.e., alphabetic, aural, visual, gestural and/or spatial) that communicates ideas, thoughts, and feelings for an intended audience.

Read selected texts independently and for various lengths of time, choosing genres to suit and expand their personal preferences and purposes.

Write independently using print, cursive, and/or typing for various lengths of time, choosing modes and genres to suit their audience and purposes.

Actively listen using agreed-upon discussion rules, recognizing verbal and nonverbal cues while maintaining social awareness and responding accordingly.

Actively listen and interpret a speaker's verbal messages and ask questions to clarify the speaker's purpose.

Work effectively and respectfully in diverse groups by sharing responsibility for collaborative work and recognizing individual contributions.

Engage in collaborative discussions about what they are reading and writing, expressing their own ideas clearly while building on the ideas of others in pairs, diverse groups, and whole-class settings.

Give formal and informal presentations in a group or individually, organizing information and determining the purpose, content, and form to suit the audience.

Summarize alphabetic and/or multimodal texts, including main idea, to demonstrate comprehension.

Analyze details in fiction, poetry, and nonfiction texts to distinguish genres.

Paraphrase a paragraph in their own words to demonstrate comprehension.

Routinely and recursively prewrite (e.g., develop ideas and plan).

Routinely and recursively organize and develop ideas to compose a first draft.

Routinely and recursively revise drafts for intended purpose, audience, and organization (e.g., logical order and transitions).

Routinely and recursively edit for correct grammar, usage, and mechanics, using various resources.

Routinely and recursively publish final drafts for an authentic audience (e.g., publishing digitally, performing, entering contests).

Compare and contrast stated or implied purposes of authors writing on the same topic from a variety of historical, cultural, ethnic, and global perspectives.

Evaluate how perspective (e.g., historical, cultural, ethnic, and global) affects a variety of literary and informational texts.

Analyze how literary elements contribute to the meaning of a literary text:- setting- plot- characters (i.e., protagonist, antagonist)- characterization- conflict (i.e., internal, external)- point of view (i.e., third person limited and omniscient)

Analyze how literary devices contribute to the meaning of a text:- figurative language (i.e., simile, metaphor, personification, hyperbole, imagery, symbolism, idiom)- sound devices (i.e., onomatopoeia, alliteration)

Identify literary elements and devices that impact a text's theme.

Categorize facts included in an argument as for or against an issue.

Analyze how informational text structures support the author's purpose:- compare/contrast- cause/effect- problem/solution- description- sequential

Analyze one or more ideas from a text, providing textual evidence to support their inferences.

Compose narratives reflecting real or imagined experiences that:- include plots involving characters resolving conflicts- unfold in chronological sequence- include a narrator, precise language, sensory details, and dialogue to enhance the narrative- use sentence variety to create clarity- emulate literary elements and/or literary devices from mentor texts

Compose informative essays or reports that:- objectively introduce and develop topics- incorporate evidence (e.g., specific facts, details, charts and graphs, data)- maintain an organized structure- use sentence variety and word choice to create clarity- emulate literary devices from mentor texts

Compose argumentative essays that:- introduce precise claims- organize claims and evidence in a logical sequence- provide relevant evidence to develop arguments, using credible sources- use sentence variety and word choice to create clarity

Analyze the relationships among synonyms, antonyms, and analogies.

Use context clues, connotation, and denotation to determine or clarify the meaning of words or distinguish among multiple-meaning words.

Use word parts (e.g., affixes, Latin roots, stems) to define and determine the meaning of increasingly complex words.

Use a dictionary, glossary, or thesaurus to determine or clarify the meanings, syllabication, pronunciation, synonyms, antonyms, and parts of speech of words.

Use precise, grade-level vocabulary in writing to clearly communicate ideas.

Select language in writing to create a specific effect according to purpose.

Recognize simple, compound, and complex sentences.

Recognize and explain the impact on meaning of parts of speech in sentences:- nouns- verb tense to signify various times, sequences, conditions, and states- subject and verb agreement- adjectives- prepositional phrases- reflexive pronouns and their antecedents- singular they / them / their- subordinating conjunctions- adverbs- interjections

Compose simple, compound, and complex sentences to add clarity and variety in their writing.

Add clarity and variety to their writing with nouns, verbs, adjectives, prepositions, adverbs, and pronouns.

Recognize and correct the following: run-ons, errors in subject and verb agreement, inappropriate shifts in verb tense, and inappropriate shifts in pronoun number and person.

Write using correct end mark mechanics.

Write using correct apostrophe mechanics.

Use commas to separate an introductory element from the rest of the sentence and to indicate direct address (e.g., Where are you, Sam?).

Use a colon to introduce a quotation from a source (e.g., According to National Geographic , meerkat homes are quite comfortable: "Each burrow is an extensive tunnel-and-room system that remains cool even under the broiling African sun.").

Use quotation marks to indicate dialogue, quoted material, and titles of works.

Use underlining or italics to indicate titles of works.

Use a semicolon to punctuate compound sentences.

Use their own viable research questions to gather information about a topic.

Record and organize information from various primary and secondary sources.

Determine the relevance and reliability of the information gathered.

Formulate and refine a viable research question.

Develop a clear, concise thesis statement.

Quote findings following a consistent citation style (e.g., MLA, APA) to avoid plagiarism.

Create research papers and/or projects independently for shorter timeframes (e.g., a single sitting or a day or two).

Compare and contrast the effectiveness of a variety of alphabetic, aural, visual, spatial, and/or gestural content from various perspectives.

Create multimodal content (i.e., alphabetic, aural, visual, gestural and/or spatial) that effectively communicates ideas for an intended audience.

Read self-selected texts independently and for various lengths of time, choosing genres to suit and expand their personal preferences and purposes.

Write independently using print, cursive, and/or typing for various lengths of time, choosing modes and genres to suit their audience and purpose.

Actively listen using agreed-upon discussion rules, recognizing verbal and nonverbal cues while maintaining social awareness and responding accordingly.

Actively listen and interpret a speaker's verbal and nonverbal messages and ask questions to clarify the speaker's purpose.

Work effectively and respectfully in diverse groups by showing willingness to make necessary compromises to accomplish a goal, sharing responsibility for collaborative work, and recognizing individual contributions.

Engage in collaborative discussions about what they are reading and writing, expressing their own ideas clearly while building on the ideas of others in pairs, diverse groups, and whole-class settings.

Give formal and informal presentations in a group or individually, providing evidence to support a main idea while determining the purpose, content, and form to suit the audience.

Summarize alphabetic and/or multimodal texts, including main idea and key details, to demonstrate comprehension within and between texts.

Analyze details in fiction, poetry, and nonfiction texts to distinguish genres.

Paraphrase a short passage in their own words to demonstrate comprehension.

Routinely and recursively prewrite (e.g., develop ideas and plan).

Routinely and recursively organize and develop ideas to compose a first draft.

Routinely and recursively revise drafts for intended purpose, audience, organization, and coherence (e.g., consistent point of view).

Routinely and recursively edit for correct grammar, usage, and mechanics, using various resources.

Routinely and recursively publish final drafts for an authentic audience (e.g., publishing digitally, performing, entering contests).

Read works written on the same topic from a variety of historical, cultural, ethnic, and global perspectives and compare the methods the authors use to achieve their purposes.

Evaluate how perspective (e.g., historical, cultural, ethnic, and global) affects a variety of literary and informational texts.

Analyze literary elements to support an interpretation of a text:- setting- plot- characters (i.e., protagonist, antagonist)- characterization- conflict (i.e., internal, external)- point of view (i.e., third person limited and omniscient and second person)

Analyze literary devices to support an interpretation of a text:- figurative language (i.e., simile, metaphor, personification, hyperbole, imagery, symbolism, idiom)- sound devices (i.e., onomatopoeia, alliteration)- verbal irony

Identify literary elements and devices that impact a text's theme and mood.

Distinguish factual claims from opinions.

Analyze how informational text structures support the author's purpose:- compare/contrast- cause/effect- problem/solution- description- sequential

Analyze multiple ideas from a text, providing textual evidence to support their inferences.

Compose narratives reflecting real or imagined experiences that:- include plots involving complex characters resolving conflicts- unfold in chronological or surprising sequence (e.g., foreshadowing)- include a narrator, precise language, sensory details, dialogue, and thoughts to enhance the narrative- use sentence variety to create clarity- emulate literary elements and/or literary devices from mentor texts

Compose informative essays or reports that:- objectively introduce and develop topics- incorporate evidence (e.g., specific facts, details, charts and graphs, data)- maintain an organized structure- use sentence variety and word choice to create clarity- establish and maintain a formal style- emulate literary devices from mentor texts

Compose argumentative essays that:- introduce precise claims- organize claims and evidence in a logical sequence- provide relevant evidence to develop arguments, using credible sources- use sentence variety and word choice to create clarity- establish and maintain a formal style

Analyze the relationships among synonyms, antonyms, and analogies.

Use context clues, connotation, and denotation to determine or clarify the meaning of words or distinguish among multiple-meaning words.

Use word parts (e.g., affixes, Greek roots, stems) to define and determine the meaning of increasingly complex words.

Use a dictionary, glossary, or thesaurus to determine or clarify the meanings, syllabication, pronunciation, synonyms, antonyms, and parts of speech of words.

Use precise, grade-level vocabulary in writing to clearly communicate ideas.

Select language in writing to create a specific effect according to purpose.

Recognize simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences and explain their effects.

Recognize and explain the impact on meaning of parts of speech in sentences:- nouns-gerunds- subject and verb agreement- cumulative and coordinate adjectives- demonstrative pronouns- vague pronouns (i.e., ones with unclear or ambiguous antecedents)- singular they / them / their- correlative conjunctions- adverbs- interjections

Compose simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences to add clarity and variety in their writing.

Add clarity and variety to their writing with nouns, verbs, adjectives, prepositions, adverbs, and pronouns.

Recognize and correct the following: run-ons, errors in subject and verb agreement, inappropriate shifts in verb tense, and vague pronouns (i.e., ones with unclear or ambiguous antecedents).

Write using correct end mark mechanics.

Write using correct apostrophe mechanics.

Use commas to separate words or phrases in a series.

Use a colon to introduce a quotation from a source.

Use quotation marks to indicate dialogue, quoted material, and titles of works.

Use underlining or italics to indicate titles of works, thoughts in narratives, and words in a foreign language.

Use a semicolon to punctuate compound and compound-complex sentences.

Find and comprehend information (e.g., claims, evidence) about a topic, using their own viable research questions.

Find, record, and organize information from a variety of primary and secondary sources, following ethical and legal guidelines.

Determine the relevance, reliability, and validity of the information gathered.

Formulate and refine a viable research question.

Develop a clear, concise thesis statement.

Quote and summarize findings following a consistent citation style (e.g., MLA, APA) to avoid plagiarism.

Create research papers and/or projects independently for shorter timeframes (e.g., two or three days) and over extended periods of time (e.g., one week).

Compare and contrast the effectiveness of techniques used in a variety of alphabetic, aural, visual, spatial, and/or gestural content from various perspectives.

Create multimodal content (i.e., alphabetic, aural, visual, gestural and/or spatial) that effectively communicates ideas for an intended audience.

Read self-selected texts independently and for various lengths of time, choosing genres to suit and expand their personal preferences and purposes.

Write independently using print, cursive, and/or typing for various lengths of time, choosing and combining modes and genres to suit their audience and purpose.

Actively listen using agreed-upon discussion rules, recognizing verbal and nonverbal cues while maintaining social awareness and responding accordingly.

Actively listen and interpret a speaker's verbal and nonverbal messages and ask questions to clarify the speaker's purpose and perspective.

Work effectively and respectfully in diverse groups by showing willingness to make necessary compromises to accomplish a goal, sharing responsibility for collaborative work, and recognizing individual contributions

Engage in collaborative discussions about what they are reading and writing, expressing their own ideas clearly while building on the ideas of others in pairs, diverse groups, and whole-class settings.

Give formal and informal presentations in a group or individually, providing textual and visual evidence to support a main idea while determining the purpose, content, and form to suit the audience.

Summarize alphabetic and/or multimodal texts about similar topics to demonstrate comprehension within and between texts.

Analyze details in fiction, poetry, and nonfiction texts to identify characteristics of genres.

Paraphrase a passage in their own words to demonstrate comprehension.

Routinely and recursively prewrite (e.g., develop ideas and plan).

Routinely and recursively organize and develop ideas to compose a first draft.

Routinely and recursively revise drafts for intended purpose, audience, organization, coherence, and style (e.g., word choice and sentence variety).

Routinely and recursively edit for correct grammar, usage, and mechanics, using various resources.

Routinely and recursively publish final drafts for an authentic audience (e.g., publishing digitally, performing, entering contests).

Analyze works written on the same topic from a variety of historical, cultural, ethnic, and global perspectives and analyze the methods the authors use to achieve their purposes.

Evaluate perspectives (e.g., historical, cultural, ethnic, and global) and describe how they affect various literary and informational texts.

Analyze literary elements to support interpretations of a literary text:- setting- plot- characters (i.e., protagonist, antagonist)- characterization- conflict (i.e., internal, external)- point of view (i.e., third person limited and omniscient, second person, and unreliable narrator)

Analyze literary devices to support interpretations of a text:- figurative language (i.e., simile, metaphor, personification, hyperbole, imagery, symbolism, idiom)- sound devices (i.e., onomatopoeia, alliteration)- verbal and situational irony

Identify literary elements and devices that impact a text's theme, mood, and tone.

Evaluate textual evidence to determine whether a claim is substantiated or unsubstantiated.

Analyze how informational text structures support the author's purpose:- compare/contrast- cause/effect- problem/solution- description- sequential

Compare or contrast two or more texts, providing textual evidence to support their inferences.

Compose narratives reflecting real or imagined experiences that:- include plots involving complex characters resolving conflicts- unfold in chronological or surprising sequence (e.g., flashback and foreshadowing)- include a narrator, precise language, sensory details, and dialogue to enhance the narrative- use sentence variety to create clarity- emulate literary elements and/or literary devices from mentor texts

Compose informative essays or reports that:- objectively introduce and develop topics- incorporate evidence (e.g., specific facts, details, charts and graphs, data)- maintain an organized structure- use sentence variety and word choice to create clarity- establish and maintain a formal style- emulate literary devices from mentor texts

Compose argumentative essays that:- introduce precise claims- acknowledge counterclaims- organize claims, counterclaims, and evidence in a logical sequence- provide relevant evidence to develop arguments, using credible sources- use sentence variety and word choice to create clarity- establish and maintain a formal style

Analyze the relationships among synonyms, antonyms, and analogies.

Use context clues, connotation, and denotation to determine or clarify the meaning of words or distinguish among multiple-meaning words.

Use word parts (e.g., affixes, Greek roots, stems) to define and determine the meaning of increasingly complex words.

Use a dictionary, glossary, or thesaurus to determine or clarify the meanings, syllabication, pronunciation, synonyms, antonyms, and parts of speech of words.

Use precise, grade-level vocabulary in writing to clearly communicate ideas.

Select language in writing to create a specific effect according to purpose.

Recognize active and passive voice and misplaced and dangling modifiers in sentences.

Recognize and explain the impact on meaning of parts of speech in sentences:- nouns- verbals (i.e., gerunds, participles, infinitives)- cumulative and coordinate adjectives- vague pronouns- singular they / them / their- coordinating, subordinating, and correlative conjunctions- adverbs- interjections

Compose simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences to add clarity and variety in their writing.

Create clarity and/or add variety to their writing with nouns, verbs, verbals, adjectives, prepositions, adverbs, pronouns, and conjunctions.

Recognize and correct the following: misplaced and dangling modifiers, vague pronouns, and second person point of view in formal writing.

Write using correct end mark mechanics.

Write using correct apostrophe mechanics.

Use a colon to introduce a quotation from a source.

Write using correct quotation marks mechanics.

Use underlining or italics to indicate titles of works, thoughts in narratives, and words in a foreign language.

Use a semicolon to punctuate compound and compound-complex sentences.

Find and comprehend information (e.g., claims, evidence) about a topic, using their own viable research questions.

Find, record, and organize information from a variety of primary and secondary sources, following ethical and legal guidelines.

Determine the relevance, reliability, and validity of the information gathered.

Formulate and refine a viable research question.

Develop a clear, concise, defensible thesis statement.

Quote, paraphrase, and summarize findings following a consistent citation style (e.g., MLA, APA) to avoid plagiarism.

Create research papers and/or projects independently for shorter timeframes (e.g., two or three days) and over extended periods of time (e.g., one week).

Determine the intended purposes of techniques used for rhetorical effects in a variety of alphabetic, aural, visual, spatial, and/or gestural content from various perspectives.

Create engaging multimodal content (i.e., alphabetic, aural, visual, gestural and/or spatial) that intentionally addresses an audience and accomplishes a purpose.

Read self-selected texts independently and for various lengths of time, choosing genres to suit and expand their personal preferences and purposes.

Write independently using print, cursive, and/or typing for various lengths of time, choosing and combining modes and genres to suit their audience and purpose.

Actively listen using agreed-upon discussion rules with control of verbal and nonverbal cues.

Actively listen in order to analyze and evaluate speakers' verbal and nonverbal messages by asking questions to clarify purpose and perspective.

Work effectively and respectfully in diverse groups by showing willingness to make necessary compromises to accomplish a goal, sharing responsibility for collaborative work, and recognizing individual contributions

Follow agreed-upon rules as they engage in collaborative discussions about what they are reading and writing, expressing their own ideas clearly, building on the ideas of others, and respectfully disagreeing when necessary in pairs, diverse groups, and whole-class settings.

Conduct formal and informal presentations in a variety of contexts supporting their message with evidence and using verbal and nonverbal cues.

Summarize the main ideas and paraphrase significant parts of increasingly complex texts.

Identify characteristics of genres and analyze how they enhance comprehension of fiction, poetry, drama, and nonfiction.

Routinely and recursively prewrite (e.g., develop and organize ideas).

Routinely and recursively develop drafts, applying organizational structure(s) (e.g., description, compare/contrast, sequential, problem/solution, cause/effect, etc.).

Routinely and recursively revise drafts for organization, transitions, sentence variety, and consistent tone and point of view in order to improve coherence and meaning.

Routinely and recursively use resources to edit for grammar, usage, mechanics, and format in order to finalize drafts for publication.

Routinely and recursively publish final drafts for an authentic audience (e.g., publishing digitally, community and professional audiences, newspapers and magazines, entering contests).

Analyze the extent to which historical, cultural, and/or global perspectives affect authors' stylistic choices in grade-level literary and informational texts.

Evaluate authors' perspectives and explain how those perspectives contribute to the meanings of texts.

Evaluate how literary elements impact theme, mood, and/or tone, using textual evidence:- setting- plot structure (e.g., foreshadowing, flashback, in media res)- conflict (i.e., internal, external)- characters (e.g., protagonist, antagonist)- characterization (i.e., direct, indirect)- point of view (e.g., narrator reliability)- archetypes

Evaluate how literary devices impact theme, mood, and/or tone, using textual evidence:- figurative language (i.e., simile, metaphor, personification, hyperbole, imagery, symbolism)- sound devices (i.e., onomatopoeia, alliteration, assonance)- irony (i.e., verbal, situational, dramatic)

Evaluate the validity of a speaker's argument:- distinguish the kinds of evidence (e.g., logical, empirical, anecdotal)- distinguish substantiated from unsubstantiated claims- analyze rhetorical appeals (i.e., ethos, logos, pathos)- identify bias- identify logical fallacies

Analyze how informational text structures support the author's purpose.

Analyze how two or more texts address similar themes or topics, using textual evidence to support their claims and inferences.

Compose narratives reflecting real or imagined experiences that:- include engaging plots involving well-developed, complex characters resolving conflicts- establish narrator(s) that enhance(s) the narrative- are intentionally sequenced in a way to achieve a specific effect (e.g., create suspense, establish mood, reflect theme)- provide clear descriptions, using precise language, sensory details, and dialogue- include varied syntax to enhance readability- emulate literary elements and/or literary devices from mentor texts

Compose informative essays, reports, or technical writing that:- objectively introduce and develop topics- include a defensible thesis- incorporate evidence (e.g., specific facts, details, charts and graphs, data)- maintain an organized structure- use sentence variety and word choice to create clarity and concision- establish and maintain a formal style- emulate literary devices from mentor texts

Compose argumentative essays, reviews, or op-eds that:- introduce precise, informed claims- include a defensible thesis- acknowledge counterclaims or alternate perspectives- organize claims, counterclaims, and evidence in a logical sequence- provide the most relevant evidence to develop balanced arguments, using credible sources- use sentence variety and word choice to create clarity and concision- use style and tone that suits the audience and purpose

Blend narrative, informative, and argumentative writing to suit their audience and purpose.

Analyze the relationships among synonyms, antonyms, and analogies.

Use context clues, connotation, and denotation to determine or clarify the meaning of words or distinguish among multiple-meaning words.

Use word parts (e.g., affixes, Anglo-Saxon, Greek, and Latin roots, stems) to define and determine the meaning of increasingly complex words.

Use resources (e.g., dictionary, glossary, thesaurus, etc.) to determine or clarify the meanings, syllabication, pronunciation, synonyms, parts of speech, and etymology of words or phrases.

Use precise, grade-level vocabulary in writing to clearly communicate complex ideas.

Select language to create a specific effect in writing according to purpose and audience.

Recognize and examine the effect of parallel structure and active and passive voice to convey specific meanings.

Recognize noun, verb, adjectival, and adverbial phrases and explain their effect in particular sentences.

Use or revise for active/passive voice and parallel structure in words and phrases for effect.

Add clarity, variety, and/or style to their writing and presentations with parts of speech and various types of phrases and clauses.

Recognize and correct misplaced and dangling modifiers.

Write using correct end mark mechanics.

Write using correct apostrophe mechanics.

Use commas to set off simple parenthetical elements.

Use a colon to reveal information (e.g., The prince searched the castle high and low for his most prized possession: his guitar.).

Use an ellipsis to indicate omission from quoted material and brackets to indicate an addition or clarification to quoted material.

Write using correct italics mechanics.

Write using correct semicolon mechanics.

Find and comprehend information about a topic, using their own viable research questions.

Synthesize relevant information from a variety of primary and secondary sources, following ethical and legal citation guidelines.

Evaluate the relevance, reliability, and validity of the information gathered.

Formulate and refine a viable research question.

Develop a clear, concise, defensible thesis statement.

Integrate quotes, paraphrases, and summaries from research, following a consistent citation style (e.g., MLA, APA) to avoid plagiarism.

Present research in longer formats (e.g., sustained research projects, process essays) and shorter, informal formats (e.g., single-day research projects, informal discussion) to a variety of audiences.

Analyze and evaluate the techniques used in a variety of multimodal content and how they contribute to meaning.

Create engaging multimodal content that intentionally addresses an audience and accomplishes a purpose.

Select texts for specific purposes and read independently for extended periods of time.

Write independently using print, cursive, and/or typing for various lengths of time, intentionally selecting and combining modes and genres to suit their audiences and purposes.

Actively listen using agreed-upon discussion rules with control of verbal and nonverbal cues.

Actively listen in order to analyze and evaluate speakers' verbal and nonverbal messages by asking questions to clarify purpose and perspective.

Work effectively and respectfully in diverse groups by showing willingness to make necessary compromises to accomplish a goal, sharing responsibility for collaborative work, and recognizing individual contributions

Follow agreed-upon rules as they engage in collaborative discussions about what they are reading and writing, expressing their own ideas clearly, building on the ideas of others, and respectfully disagreeing when necessary in pairs, diverse groups, and whole-class settings.

Conduct formal and informal presentations in a variety of contexts supporting their message with evidence and using verbal and nonverbal cues.

Summarize the main ideas and paraphrase significant parts of increasingly complex texts.

Identify characteristics of genres and analyze how they enhance comprehension of fiction, poetry, drama, and nonfiction.

Routinely and recursively prewrite (e.g., develop and organize ideas).

Routinely and recursively develop drafts, applying organizational structure(s) (e.g., description, compare/contrast, sequential, problem/solution, cause/effect, etc.).

Routinely and recursively revise drafts for organization, transitions, sentence variety, and consistent tone and point of view in order to improve coherence and meaning.

Routinely and recursively use resources to edit for grammar, usage, mechanics, and format in order to finalize drafts for publication.

Routinely and recursively publish final drafts for an authentic audience (e.g., publishing digitally, community and professional audiences, newspapers and magazines, entering contests).

Analyze the extent to which historical, cultural, and/or global perspectives affect authors' stylistic choices in grade-level literary and informational texts.

Evaluate authors' perspectives and explain how those perspectives contribute to the meanings of texts.

Evaluate how literary elements impact theme, mood, and/or tone, using textual evidence:- setting- plot structure (e.g., foreshadowing, flashback, in media res)- conflict (i.e., internal, external)- characters (e.g., protagonist, antagonist)- characterization (i.e., direct, indirect)- point of view (e.g., narrator reliability)- archetypes

Evaluate how literary devices impact theme, mood, and/or tone, using textual evidence:- figurative language (i.e., simile, metaphor, personification, hyperbole, imagery, symbolism)- sound devices (i.e., onomatopoeia, alliteration, assonance)- irony (i.e., verbal, situational, dramatic)

Evaluate the validity of a speaker's argument:- distinguish the kinds of evidence (e.g., logical, empirical, anecdotal)- distinguish substantiated from unsubstantiated claims- analyze rhetorical appeals (i.e., ethos, logos, pathos)- identify bias- identify logical fallacies

Analyze how informational text structures support the author's purpose.

Analyze how two or more texts address similar themes or topics, using textual evidence to support their claims and inferences.

Compose narratives reflecting real or imagined experiences that:- include engaging plots involving well-developed, complex characters resolving conflicts- establish narrator(s) that enhance(s) the narrative- are intentionally sequenced in a way to achieve a specific effect- provide clear descriptions, using precise language, sensory details, and dialogue- include varied syntax to enhance readability- emulate literary elements and/or literary devices from mentor texts

Compose informative essays, reports, or technical writing that:- objectively introduce and develop topics- include a defensible thesis- incorporate evidence- maintain an organized structure- use sentence variety and word choice to create clarity and concision- establish and maintain a formal style- emulate literary devices from mentor texts

Compose argumentative essays, reviews, or op-eds that:- introduce precise, informed claims- include a defensible thesis- acknowledge counterclaims or alternate perspectives- organize claims, counterclaims, and evidence in a logical sequence- provide the most relevant evidence to develop balanced arguments, using credible sources- use sentence variety and word choice to create clarity and concision- use style and tone that suits the audience and purpose

Blend narrative, informative, and argumentative writing to suit their audience and purpose.

Analyze the relationships among synonyms, antonyms, and analogies.

Use context clues, connotation, and denotation to determine or clarify the meaning of words or distinguish among multiple-meaning words.

Use word parts (e.g., affixes, Anglo-Saxon, Greek, and Latin roots, stems) to define and determine the meaning of increasingly complex words.

Use resources (e.g., dictionary, glossary, thesaurus, etc.) to determine or clarify the meanings, syllabication, pronunciation, synonyms, parts of speech, and etymology of words or phrases.

Use precise, grade-level vocabulary in writing to clearly communicate complex ideas.

Select language to create a specific effect in writing according to purpose and audience.

Recognize and analyze the effect of parallel structure, active and passive voice, and various types of phrases and clauses to convey specific meanings.

Recognize noun, verb, adjectival, and adverbial phrases and explain their effect in particular sentences.

Use or revise for active/passive voice and parallel structure in words, phrases, and/or clauses for effect.

Add clarity, variety, and/or style to their writing and presentations with parts of speech and various types of phrases and clauses.

Demonstrate their use of Standard American English (i.e., grammar, mechanics, and usage) in writing, presentations, and/or multimodal literacies to convey specific meanings and ideas, intentionally departing from standard usage to achieve a specific effect.

Write using correct end mark mechanics.

Write using correct apostrophe mechanics.

Write using correct comma mechanics.

Use a colon to reveal information.

Use an ellipsis to indicate omission from quoted material and brackets to indicate an addition or clarification to quoted material.

Write using correct italics mechanics.

Write using correct semicolon mechanics.

Find and comprehend information about a topic, using their own viable research questions.

Synthesize relevant information from a variety of primary and secondary sources, following ethical and legal citation guidelines.

Evaluate the relevance, reliability, and validity of the information gathered.

Formulate and refine a viable research question.

Develop a clear, concise, defensible thesis statement.

Integrate quotes, paraphrases, and summaries from research, following a consistent citation style (e.g., MLA, APA) to avoid plagiarism.

Present research in longer formats (e.g., sustained research projects, process essays) and shorter, informal formats (e.g., single-day research projects, informal discussion) to a variety of audiences.

Analyze and evaluate the techniques used in a variety of multimodal content and how they contribute to meaning.

Create engaging multimodal content that intentionally addresses an audience and accomplishes a purpose.

Select texts for specific purposes and read independently for extended periods of time.

Write independently using print, cursive, and/or typing for various lengths of time, intentionally selecting and combining modes and genres to suit their audiences and purposes.

Actively listen using agreed-upon discussion rules with control of verbal and nonverbal cues.

Actively listen in order to analyze and evaluate speakers' verbal and nonverbal messages by asking questions to clarify purpose and perspective.

Work effectively and respectfully in diverse groups by showing willingness to make necessary compromises to accomplish a goal, sharing responsibility for collaborative work, and recognizing individual contributions.

Follow agreed-upon rules as they engage in collaborative discussions about what they are reading and writing, expressing their own ideas clearly, building on the ideas of others, and respectfully disagreeing when necessary in pairs, diverse groups, and whole-class settings.

Conduct formal and informal presentations in a variety of contexts supporting their message with evidence and using verbal and nonverbal cues.

Summarize the main ideas and paraphrase significant parts of increasingly complex texts.

Identify characteristics of genres and analyze how they enhance comprehension of fiction, poetry, drama, and nonfiction.

Routinely and recursively prewrite (e.g., develop and organize ideas).

Routinely and recursively develop drafts, applying organizational structure(s) (e.g., description, compare/contrast, sequential, problem/solution, cause/effect, etc.).

Routinely and recursively revise drafts for organization, transitions, sentence variety, and consistent tone and point of view in order to improve coherence and meaning.

Routinely and recursively use resources to edit for grammar, usage, mechanics, and format in order to finalize drafts for publication.

Routinely and recursively publish final drafts for an authentic audience (e.g., publishing digitally, community and professional audiences, newspapers and magazines, entering contests).

Analyze the extent to which historical, cultural, and/or global perspectives affect authors' stylistic choices in grade-level literary and informational texts.

Evaluate authors' perspectives and explain how those perspectives contribute to the meanings of texts.

Evaluate how literary elements impact theme, mood, and/or tone, using textual evidence:- setting- plot structure (e.g., foreshadowing, flashback, in media res)- conflict (i.e., internal, external)- characters (e.g., protagonist, antagonist)- characterization (i.e., direct, indirect)- point of view (e.g., narrator reliability)- archetypes

Evaluate how literary devices impact theme, mood, and/or tone, using textual evidence:- figurative language (i.e., simile, metaphor, personification, hyperbole, imagery, symbolism)- sound devices (i.e., onomatopoeia, alliteration, assonance)- irony (i.e., verbal, situational, dramatic)

Evaluate how authors writing on the same issue reached different conclusions because of differences in assumptions, evidence, reasoning, and viewpoints, including examining rhetorical appeals, bias, and use of logical fallacies.

Analyze how informational text structures support the author's purpose.

Evaluate how two or more texts address similar themes or topics, using textual evidence to support their claims and inferences.

Compose narratives reflecting real or imagined experiences that:- include engaging plots involving well-developed, complex characters resolving conflicts- establish narrator(s) that enhance(s) the narrative- are intentionally sequenced in a way to achieve a specific effect (e.g., create suspense, establish mood, reflect theme)- provide clear descriptions, using precise language, sensory details, and dialogue- include varied syntax to enhance readability- emulate literary elements and/or literary devices from mentor texts

Compose informative essays, reports, or technical writing that:- objectively introduce and develop topics- include a defensible thesis- incorporate evidence (e.g., specific facts, details, charts and graphs, data)- maintain an organized structure- use sentence variety and word choice to create clarity and concision- establish and maintain a formal style- emulate literary devices from mentor texts

Compose argumentative essays, reviews, or op-eds that:- introduce precise, informed claims- include a defensible thesis- acknowledge counterclaims or alternate perspectives- organize claims, counterclaims, and evidence in a logical sequence- provide the most relevant evidence to develop balanced arguments, using credible sources- use sentence variety and word choice to create clarity and concision- use style and tone that suits the audience and purpose

Blend narrative, informative, and argumentative writing to suit their audience and purpose.

Analyze the relationships among synonyms, antonyms, and analogies.

Use context clues, connotation, and denotation to determine or clarify the meaning of words or distinguish among multiple-meaning words.

Use word parts (e.g., affixes, Anglo-Saxon, Greek, and Latin roots, stems) to define and determine the meaning of increasingly complex words.

Use resources (e.g., dictionary, glossary, thesaurus, etc.) to determine or clarify the meanings, syllabication, pronunciation, synonyms, parts of speech, and etymology of words or phrases.

Use precise, grade-level vocabulary in writing to clearly communicate complex ideas.

Select language to create a specific effect in writing according to purpose and audience.

Apply their knowledge of syntax (e.g., parallel structure, active and passive voice, and phrases/clauses) to analyze and evaluate a variety of texts, understanding that usage and convention change over time.

Recognize noun, verb, adjectival, and adverbial phrases and explain their effect in particular sentences.

Add clarity, variety, and/or style to their writing and presentations with parts of speech and various types of phrases and clauses, intentionally breaking the rules for effect when appropriate.

Demonstrate command of Standard American English (i.e., grammar, mechanics, and usage) in writing, presentations, and/or multimodal literacies to convey specific meanings and ideas, intentionally departing from standard usage to achieve a specific effect.

Write using correct end mark mechanics.

Write using correct apostrophe mechanics.

Write using correct comma mechanics.

Use a colon or dash to reveal information in a sentence.

Use an ellipsis to indicate omission from quoted material and brackets to indicate an addition or clarification to quoted material.

Write using correct italics mechanics.

Write using correct semicolon mechanics.

Find and comprehend information about a topic, using their own viable research questions.

Synthesize relevant information from a variety of primary and secondary sources, following ethical and legal citation guidelines.

Evaluate the relevance, reliability, and validity of the information gathered.

Formulate and refine a viable research question.

Develop a clear, concise, defensible thesis statement.

Integrate quotes, paraphrases, and summaries from research, following a consistent citation style (e.g., MLA, APA) to avoid plagiarism.

Present research in longer formats (e.g., sustained research projects, process essays) and shorter, informal formats (e.g., single-day research projects, informal discussion) to a variety of audiences.

Analyze and evaluate the techniques used in a variety of multimodal content and how they contribute to meaning.

Create engaging multimodal content that intentionally enhances understanding of findings, reasoning, and evidence for diverse audiences.

Select texts for specific purposes and read independently for extended periods of time.

Write independently using print, cursive, and/or typing for various lengths of time, intentionally selecting and combining modes and genres to suit their audiences and purposes.

Actively listen using agreed-upon discussion rules with control of verbal and nonverbal cues.

Actively listen in order to analyze and evaluate speakers' verbal and nonverbal messages by asking questions to clarify purpose and perspective.

Work effectively and respectfully in diverse groups by showing willingness to make necessary compromises to accomplish a goal, sharing responsibility for collaborative work, and recognizing individual contributions

Follow agreed-upon rules as they engage in collaborative discussions about what they are reading and writing, expressing their own ideas clearly, building on the ideas of others, and respectfully disagreeing when necessary in pairs, diverse groups, and whole-class settings.

Conduct formal and informal presentations in a variety of contexts supporting their message with evidence and using verbal and nonverbal cues.

Summarize the main ideas and paraphrase significant parts of increasingly complex texts.

Identify characteristics of genres and analyze how they enhance comprehension of fiction, poetry, drama, and nonfiction.

Routinely and recursively prewrite (e.g., develop and organize ideas).

Routinely and recursively develop drafts, applying organizational structure(s) (e.g., description, compare/contrast, sequential, problem/solution, cause/effect, etc.).

Routinely and recursively revise drafts for organization, transitions, sentence variety, and consistent tone and point of view in order to improve coherence and meaning.

Routinely and recursively use resources to edit for grammar, usage, mechanics, and format in order to finalize drafts for publication.

Routinely and recursively publish final drafts for an authentic audience (e.g., publishing digitally, community and professional audiences, newspapers and magazines, entering contests).

Analyze the extent to which historical, cultural, and/or global perspectives affect authors' stylistic choices in grade-level literary and informational texts.

Evaluate authors' perspectives and explain how those perspectives contribute to the meanings of texts.

Evaluate how literary elements impact theme, mood, and/or tone, using textual evidence:- setting- plot structure (e.g., foreshadowing, flashback, in media res)- conflict (i.e., internal, external)- characters (e.g., protagonist, antagonist)- characterization (i.e., direct, indirect)- point of view (e.g., narrator reliability)- archetypes

Evaluate how literary devices impact theme, mood, and/or tone, using textual evidence:- figurative language (i.e., simile, metaphor, personification, hyperbole, imagery, symbolism)- sound devices (i.e., onomatopoeia, alliteration, assonance)- irony (i.e., verbal, situational, dramatic)

Evaluate how authors writing on the same issue reached different conclusions because of differences in assumptions, evidence, reasoning, and viewpoints, including examining rhetorical appeals, bias, and use of logical fallacies.

Analyze how informational text structures support the author's purpose.

Evaluate how two or more texts address similar themes or topics, using textual evidence to support their claims and inferences.

Compose narratives reflecting real or imagined experiences that:- include engaging plots involving well-developed, complex characters resolving conflicts- establish narrator(s) that enhance(s) the narrative- are intentionally sequenced in a way to achieve a specific effect (e.g., create suspense, establish mood, reflect theme)- provide clear descriptions, using precise language, sensory details, and dialogue- include varied syntax to enhance readability- emulate literary elements and/or literary devices from mentor texts

Compose informative essays, reports, or technical writing that:- objectively introduce and develop topics- include a defensible thesis- incorporate evidence (e.g., specific facts, details, charts and graphs, data)- maintain an organized structure- use sentence variety and word choice to create clarity and concision- establish and maintain a formal style- emulate literary devices from mentor texts

Compose argumentative essays, reviews, or op-eds that:- introduce precise, informed claims- include a defensible thesis- acknowledge counterclaims or alternate perspectives- organize claims, counterclaims, and evidence in a logical sequence- provide the most relevant evidence to develop balanced arguments, using credible sources- use sentence variety and word choice to create clarity and concision- use style and tone that suits the audience and purpose

Blend narrative, informative, and argumentative writing to suit their audience and purpose.

Analyze the relationships among synonyms, antonyms, and analogies.

Use context clues, connotation, and denotation to determine or clarify the meaning of words or distinguish among multiple-meaning words.

Use word parts (e.g., affixes, Anglo-Saxon, Greek, and Latin roots, stems) to define and determine the meaning of increasingly complex words.

Use resources (e.g., dictionary, glossary, thesaurus, etc.) to determine or clarify the meanings, syllabication, pronunciation, synonyms, parts of speech, and etymology of words or phrases.

Use precise, grade-level vocabulary in writing to clearly communicate complex ideas.

Select language to create a specific effect in writing according to purpose and audience.

Apply their knowledge of syntax (e.g., parallel structure, active and passive voice, and phrases/clauses) to analyze and evaluate a variety of texts, understanding that usage and convention change over time.

Recognize noun, verb, adjectival, and adverbial phrases and explain their effect in particular sentences.

Add clarity, variety, and/or style to their writing and presentations with parts of speech and various types of phrases and clauses, intentionally breaking the rules for effect when appropriate.

Demonstrate command of Standard American English (i.e., grammar, mechanics, and usage) in writing, presentations, and/or multimodal literacies to convey specific meanings and ideas, intentionally departing from standard usage to achieve a specific effect.

Write using correct end mark mechanics.

Write using correct apostrophe mechanics.

Write using correct comma mechanics.

Use a colon or dash to reveal information in a sentence.

Use an ellipsis to indicate omission from quoted material and brackets to indicate an addition or clarification to quoted material.

Write using correct italics mechanics.

Write using correct semicolon mechanics.

Find and comprehend information about a topic, using their own viable research questions.

Synthesize relevant information from a variety of primary and secondary sources, following ethical and legal citation guidelines.

Evaluate the relevance, reliability, and validity of the information gathered.

Formulate and refine a viable research question.

Develop a clear, concise, defensible thesis statement.

Integrate quotes, paraphrases, and summaries from research, following a consistent citation style (e.g., MLA, APA) to avoid plagiarism.

Present research in longer formats (e.g., sustained research projects, process essays) and shorter, informal formats (e.g., single-day research projects, informal discussion) to a variety of audiences.

Analyze and evaluate the techniques used in a variety of multimodal content and how they contribute to meaning.

Create engaging multimodal content that intentionally enhances understanding of findings, reasoning, and evidence for diverse audiences.

Select texts for specific purposes and read independently for extended periods of time.

Write independently using print, cursive, and/or typing for various lengths of time, intentionally selecting and combining modes and genres to suit their audiences and purposes.