CCSS.Math.Content.HSS-ID.B.5
The standard
Summarize categorical data for two categories in two-way frequency tables. Interpret relative frequencies in the context of the data (including joint, marginal, and conditional relative frequencies). Recognize possible associations and trends in the data.
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics
What this standard means
Students need to organize counts for two categorical variables in a two-way table, then turn those counts into relative frequencies. They should read joint, marginal, and conditional percentages and say what each one means in context.
Mastery looks like comparing groups with the right denominator, not just naming the biggest number in the table. Students often mix up row totals, column totals, and grand totals. They also may claim cause from an association, such as saying a club causes higher grades, instead of saying the data show a possible relationship.
Ways to teach it
- Give students survey cards on pet ownership and after-school jobs, then have them build a two-way table with counts and percentages.
- Ask students to write two true comparison statements using conditional percentages from a table about screen time and homework completion.
- Show a two-way table and ask students to identify one joint, one marginal, and one conditional relative frequency in three minutes.
- Use a school lunch preference survey to discuss how cafeterias might compare choices by grade level before ordering food.
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Related standards
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- CCSS.Math.Content.8.SP.A.4
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- CCSS.Math.Content.HSS-ID.B
Summarize, represent, and interpret data on two categorical and quantitative variables