CCSS.Math.Content.HSA-APR.B.2

MathGrades 9–12Arithmetic with Polynomials and Rational Expressions

The standard

Know and apply the Remainder Theorem: For a polynomial p(x) and a number a, the remainder on division by x - a is p(a), so p(a) = 0 if and only if (x - a) is a factor of p(x).

Common Core State Standards for Mathematics

What this standard means

Students need to connect three facts about polynomials: evaluating a polynomial at a number, dividing by a linear expression, and identifying factors. They should be able to find a remainder by substitution instead of long division, then use a zero result to decide whether a linear expression is a factor.

Mastery looks like moving both ways. Given a polynomial and a value, students can find the remainder and state the factor conclusion. Given a possible factor, they can test it efficiently. Common stuck points are sign errors with x minus a, mixing up a with negative a, and thinking every remainder means a factor.

Ways to teach it

  • Use algebra tiles or area boxes to divide a cubic by x minus 2, then compare the remainder to direct substitution.
  • Ask students to explain why p(3)=0 tells us more than just the value of a function at one point.
  • Give three possible factors for one polynomial and have students test each using substitution only.
  • Connect to package design by testing whether a proposed width factor gives zero leftover volume in a polynomial model.

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Standard text verified against corestandards.org on July 10, 2026.

Page updated July 10, 2026.

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